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S*l»f^fayS3WreSB^^^ 



THE HEALTH-CARE 
OF THE BABY 



Thejitemr^Digest 
Parents' League Series 

BOOK ONE 

The Health-Care of the Baby 

By LOUIS FISCHER. M.D. 

BOOK TWO 
The Health-Care of the Growing Child 

By LOUIS FISCHER, M.D. 

BOOK THREE 
The Character Training of Children (I) 

By WILLIAM BYRON FORBUSH 

BOOK FOUR 
The Character Training of Children ( II ) 

By WILLIAM BYRON FORBUSH 

BOOK FIVE 
The Home Education of Children (I) 

By WILLIAM BYRON FORBUSH 

BOOK SIX 
The Home Education of Children (II) 

By WILLIAM BYRON FORBUSH 

BOOK SEVEN 
The Sex Education of Children 

By WILLIAM BYRON FORBUSH 



FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Pubs. 

NEW YORK and LONDON 




CORRECT METHOD OF HOLDING AND FEEDING A BABY 



THE HEALTH-CARE 
OF THE BABY 

A HANDBOOK 

FOR 

MOTHERS AND NURSES 

BY 

LOUIS FISCHER, M.D. 

Author of "The Health-care of the Growing Child"; "Infant Feeding in 

Health and Disease"; "A Text-book on Diseases of Infancy and 

Childhood"; Attending Physician to the Willard Parker and 

Riverside Hospitals; Chief Attending Pediatrist to the Zion 

Hospital of Brooklyn; Former Instructor in Diseases 

of Children at the New York Post Graduate 

Medical School and Hospital; etc., etc. 

SEVENTY-NINTH THOUSAND 
TENTH EDITION. COMPLETELY REVISED 




g fm ®1 



FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 

NEW YORK AND LONDON 

1919 



x> 



*-* 



<^<? 






Copyright, 1906, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916 and 1917, by 
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 

(Printed in the United States of America) 



First Edition published, May, 1906 

Second Revised Edition, July, 1910 

Third Revised Edition, January, 1912 

Fourth Revised Edition, January, 1913 

Fifth Revised Edition, December, 1913 

Sixth Revised Edition, March, 1915 

Seventh Revised Edition, January, 1916 

Eighth Revised Edition, November, 1916 

Ninth Revised Edition, October, 1917 

Tenth Edition, Completely Revised, December, 1917 

Tenth Edition, Completely Revised, Second Printing, March, 1918 

Tenth Edition, Completely Revised, Third Printing, September, 1918 

Tenth Edition, Completely Revised, Fourth Printing, April, 1919 



Copyright under the Articles of the Copyright Convention of the 
Pan-American Republics and the United States, August 11, 1910 



JUL 21 1919 



^r£»«£o ,-TTOif 

- 



Ho 

MY WIFE 

THIS BOOK IS 

MOST AFFECTIONATELY 

DEDICATED 



PREFACE TO TENTH EDITION 



npHE first edition of this work appeared in 
■*■ 1906, eight succeeding editions having 
been issued in ten years. An increasing de- 
mand having called for a tenth edition, I have 
concluded, after consultation with the pub- 
lishers, to rewrite and improve most of the 
chapters, and to add new material. The con- 
sequence is that this tenth edition is new in 
more than the ordinary sense, the matter hav- 
ing been extensively revised, and the type 
entirely reset. 

In the study of an infant we find, broadly 
speaking, that there are four important steps 
which will aid in development. They can be 
designated : a, b, c, and d. A, airing ; b, bath- 
ing; c, clothing; and d, dieting. These four 
factors must harmonize or blend so that one 
helps the other. To intelligently discuss the 
same and give advice to the mother or nurse 
anxious to know hotv, when, and what to feed, 



Vlll PREFACE 

and the proper method of bathing, airing, and 
clothing to protect, and at the same time, to 
harden the infant, are the objects sought in 
this volume. 

One of the most important chapters deals 
with feeding. The home preparation of modi- 
fied milk is given for the average healthy in- 
fant. For the infant who seems dissatisfied 
with the formula usually required for one of 
its age — special rules are given for increasing 
the formula. The feeding for a premature 
or an unusually delicate infant is given, like- 
wise the feeding for a dyspeptic infant as 
well as feeding during a diarrheal period is 
described. 

The intelligent supervision of the acute in- 
fectious diseases such as scarlet fever, diph- 
theria, whooping-cough is described. While 
no mother or nurse is expected to supervise 
the treatment of a pneumonia or take the re- 
sponsibility of supervising an infantile paraly- 
sis, many guiding points which the mother or 
nurse should know are outlined. The signifi- 
cance of catarrh of the nose and throat, and 
its association with enlarged tonsils and 
adenoids, forms an important chapter in this 



book. The frequency of ear trouble as an ad- 
junct to nasal and throat infection is described. 

Many practical chapters will be found that 
are intended as first aid in fever, in injuries, 
in accidents, and in emergencies — what the 
mother or nurse should know, and especially 
what she should do, until the physician can be 
reached. 

The problem of training an infant, especi- 
ally during its first year, requires good judg- 
ment. We should know when an infant is 
really sick, and when he is being spoiled. The 
correction of bad habits is one of the most 
difficult duties of the mother. Especial at- 
tention has been given to the nervous system, 
and advice given which will aid in correcting 
faults and weaknesses. To spank a sick child 
is a crime, still this is done daily by unthinking 
mothers and nurses who do not recognize the 
presence of illness. 

The selection of a nurse-maid is of the ut- 
most importance, and unless she has been 
trained in a hospital, she should familiarize 
herself with modern sanitary measures. Such 
details are emphasized in this book. I would 
call particular attention to the instructions 



regarding ventilation and the value of the 
sleeping porch for hardening, or in the treat- 
ment of respiratory diseases. Some new and 
helpful illustrations have also been added. 

Louis Fischer. 
155 West 85th St., New York, 
December, 1917. 



PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 



nn HERE are many details pertaining to 
**• ventilation, clothing, and bathing which 
every mother and nurse should know and 
which she should have in a condensed man- 
ual. The physican can not always be at hand 
to answer the many details which the modern 
mother requires, most especially if she is out 
of town or if she is traveling. Suggestions 
and advice for infant feeding in health, and 
when the stomach and bowels are out of order, 
form the most important part of this little 
work. Directions for the management of 
fever, and a guide during such diseases as 
measles, croup, skin diseases, etc., are given. 
In cases of accidents, poisoning, etc., I have 
given ample advice to be followed until medi- 
cal help can be procured. The correction of 
bad habits, and the management of rashes 
have received careful consideration. Let me 



Xll PREFACE 

hope that the book will serve as a companion 
to the young mother and nurse for whose 
instruction it is intended. I desire to ac- 
knowledge my indebtedness to Alice Haehn- 
len, R.N., for many valuable suggestions. 

New York, February, 1906. 



CONTENTS 



PART I 
GENERAL HYGIENE OF THE INFANT 



I The Nursery 3 

Dusting — regulating the light — the bed — venti- 
lation — heating — the temperature — nurse- 
maid, and toys. 

II Bathing and Care of the Navel . . 12 

III Clothing. 21 

By day and by night — when to shorten— out- 
of-doors. 

IV Development and Growth . . .29 

Height — the hair — intelligence — walking — talk- 
ing — loss of _ speech — the fontanel— weight 
— -how to weigh — normal gain — kicking for 
exercise — creeping — the first outing — the 
carriage. 

V Proper Training 40 

Resting — bowel movements — sleep — crying. 

VI Vaccination 45 

VII Dentition (Teething) . . . .47 



PART II 

FEEDING 

I Natural Method of Feeding . . .53 

II Breast Feeding-AVet Nursing . . 56 

III Weaning 62 



XIV' CONTENTS 

CHAPTER 

IV Mixed Feeding .... 




PAGE 
65 


V 


Artificial Feeding .... 




66 


VI 


Hygienic Suggestions in Bottle Feeding 

Utensils required — care of the bottles and 
nipples — how to heat milk — evils of steriliza- 
tion — boiled milk. 


7i 


VII 
VIII 


Feeding Rules .... 

Home preparation of food. 

Feeding a Dyspeptic Baby 




75 
78 


IX 


Feeding During Diarrheal Period. 


. 


80 


X 


Substitute Foods .... 


. 


82 


XI 


Preparatory Infant Foods . 


. 


87 


XII 


Dietary 




90 



Diet from birth to one year — top milk feeding, 
and formula from birth to one year— —diet 
from twelve to eighteen months — from one 
and one-half to two and one-half years — for 
a child of three years and older — candy — 
fruits — vegetables — cereals — miscellaneous 
recipes. 



PART III 

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES AND 
EMERGENCIES 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I Vomiting — Colic — Hiccup — Convulsions 113 

II Constipation 117 

III Rickets — Scurvy — Jaundice . . .121 

IV Fever and Temperature . . . .125 

V General Rules for Contagious Diseases 

and Fevers — Isolation . . .128 

VI Measles — Scarlet Fever — Chicken-Pox 
Diphtheria — Croup — Infantile Par- 
alysis 130 



CONTENTS XV 

CHAPTE* PAGE 

VII Whooping-Cough — Tuberculosis — Cold 
in the Head — Tonsillitis — Mumps — 
Swollen Glands — Adenoids — Deaf- 
ness — Rheumatism ...... 138 

VIII Skin Diseases 147 

Eczema — prickly heat — chapped hands and 
face — sunburn — hives — boils — mosquito bites 
— ringworm. 

IX Accidents and Emergencies . . . 152 

Burns — splinters — bumps and cuts — foreign 
bodies — poisoning — bleeding — bites. 

X Eye — Ear — Mouth 158 

Crusted eyelids — "sore eyes" — running ear — 
projecting ears — sprue — "sore mouth." 

XI Bad Habits, Etc. 163 

Thumbjsucking — Nail-biting — bed-wetting — 
masturbation — tight foreskin — circumcision. 

XII Worms — Night Terrors. . . .168 

XIII External Applications and the Medi- 
cine Chest. . . . . .170 

Index 175 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Correct Method of Holding and Feeding a 
Baby Frontispiece 

Ideal Window Ventilator . . . Page 



Open-Air Sleeping Compartment: 






View from Street . 


. Page 


6 


View from Room 


. Page 


7 


Weight and Feeding Record . 


Facing 


32 


Baby's Scales .... 


Facing 


34 



Baby's Weight Chart . . Between 36 and 37 

Order in Which Baby's Teeth Appear . Page 48 

Correct Method of Giving Massage to Relieve 
Constipation Page 119 

Correct Position of a Baby When Giving an 
Injection to Aid the Movement of the 
Bowels Facing 120 

Correct Method of Holding a Baby for the 
Examination of Its Mouth and Throat 

Facing 134 



xvi 



PART I 

General Hygiene of the Infants! 



CHAPTER I 
THE NURSERY 

IF possible the nursery should be a large 
room having plenty of fresh air and sun- 
light. Everything in the nursery should be 
washable; the walls, if possible, should be 
painted instead of papered; the furniture 
should have no upholstering; the floor should 
be of hardwood, or closely boarded and cov- 
ered with a few rugs that may be cleaned with 
a damp cloth. 

A feather duster should never be allowed in Dusting 
the room. The ideal method in dusting is to 
use a vacuum cleaner. Floors, walls, furniture 
and rugs can be properly cleaned with one. If 
this means of cleaning can not be employed, 
nothing should be allowed in the room that 
can not be dusted with a damp cloth. The 
screens should be covered with material that 
may be easily washed. 

The windows should have no other hang- Regulating 
ings than oil shades, of which there should be 
a green one and a white one at each window 
to regulate the light, which should be neither 



4 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

dull nor glaring. At night, to insure proper 
repose there should be no light. With the 
modern convenience of electricity, a small 
green glass bulb can be used when a light is 
necessary. A wax candle will answer for all 
purposes at night if electric light can not be 
used. 

The Bed A brass or iron bed without any hangings 

should be selected. The bed should be one 
having a good woven wire mattress; it is no 
matter if the knobs and scrolls are not fancy. 
On top of this wire mattress place a heavy 
blanket folded so as to fit the bed, or a hair 
mattress. (I prefer a blanket, as this can be 
unfolded and aired daily, and occasionally 
washed.) 

Cover the mattress first with a rubber sheet, 
second a cotton sheet, third a quilted pad. 
On this pad the baby is laid and covered first 
with a cotton sheet, second with light-weight 
wool blankets and as many as are required for 
the temperature of the room. Down comfort- 
ers may take the place of blankets, as they are 
much lighter in weight. 

The pillow should be filled with hair, never 
with feathers or down, and should never be 
more than one inch high. 

Airing The blankets or comforters should be hung 

on the line for a good airing every few days. 
The bed should not be made as soon as the 



the Bed 



THE NURSERY 5 

baby is taken up in the morning, but the bed- 
clothes should be spread apart daily until 
thoroughly aired. Sheets or pads that have 
once been wet must be changed for fresh ones. 
Never put the baby in a cold bed, but see that 
the sheets are warmed by means of hot-water 
bags before the baby is placed there. 




IDEAL WINDOW 



riLATOR 



Made by Ideal Ventilator Co., 120 Liberty St., New York 
City. 

This is a glass rentilator which can be adapted to fit any 
window. Air currents are diverted upward and so do not 
occasion draughts. It is especially adapted for ventilating 
the sick room where plenty of fresh air is required. 



Fresh air is of almost as much importance ventnat- 
to the baby as food. That the giving of fresh [Ju P * e L, 
air to the baby is sadly neglected for fear of 
"taking cold," can be seen in every-day life 
among the majority of people with whom we 



6 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

are brought in contact. A baby confined to 
a room with hot air is far more liable to catch 
cold when taken out of doors than one ac- 
customed to be in a room having fresh, cool 
air. The nursery should be thoroughly ven- 




BOGGINS* OPEN-AIR SLEEPING COMPARTMENT 
View from the street. 



tilated at least twice a day. This can easily 
be done while the baby is taken out into the 
street or into another room. Fresh air should 
be admitted to the nursery from windows 
communicating with the street or yard. Air- 



THE NURSERY 7 

shaft ventilation must never be permitted. 
If the nursery has an open fireplace fresh air 
can be admitted constantly. A window-board 
or window-box may be used to admit air. 
This window-board is a strip of wood five 




BOGGINS' OPEN-AIR SLEEPING COMPARTMENT 
View from the room. 

inches high and the width of the window. 
The lower sash is raised and the board in- 
serted. This makes a space between the two 
window sashes through which the air can 
gradually enter the room. 



8 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

N '9 ht Night air is fresh air and should be ad- 

mitted to the nursery. Children deprived of 
fresh air at night are more sensitive and hence 
contract cold in the head and "sniffles" more 
readily when taken out of doors. At night 
the nursery can be ventilated by having a win- 
dow open in an adjoining room, or if the 
weather is not too cold, the window furthest 
from the baby's bed may be left open, and the 
screen properly placed to avoid any possible 
draught. Give the baby plenty of breathing 
room by placing the screen away from the 
bed, not against the bed, as frequently seen. 
wUdow- ^ convenient outdoor sleeping compartment 

cnb readily attached to any window can be bought 

under the name of "Boggins' Window Crib." * 
This outdoor crib is admirably adapted for 
city apartments. It is thirty-six inches long, 
twenty-four inches wide and twenty-seven 
inches high. The illustration shows how com- 
fortable the baby can be in this crib, and how 
he can be kept in view of his mother or nurse. 
The metal roof is insulated, so that the com- 
partment is always cool in summer. The re- 
inforced screens make it absolutely safe. The 
baby can not fall out, and flies or mosquitoes 
can not get in. A folding carriage is also made 
so that, on cool days, the baby can be wrapt 

* Southall, Trublood & Co., 320 Broadway, New York. 



THE NURSERY 9 

and placed in the carriage and the carriage 
rolled into the crib. 

Most of our city houses and apartments Heatin 9 
are heated by means of a hot-air furnace or Nursery 
with steam heat. The best method of heating 
is by means of an open fire. Gas stoves should 
never be used in the nursery. If additional 
heat is necessary during the bath, an oil stove 
should be used. 

During the day the temperature of the nur- The Tem- 
sery should be between 65 and 70° F., never P erature 
more. During the night it should never be 
over 65 ° F., and gradually reduced so that 
when the baby is about one year old it will not 
be over 6o° F. 

The selection of a nurse-maid is a very im- The 
portant matter. It is important because the in- JJaf"" 
fant lives with the nurse and usually sleeps in 
the same room. The nurse feeds, dresses and 
bathes her. She is consequently associated 
with her almost as much as, if not more than, 
the mother. 

Every infant should sleep alone. While the 
nurse or maid may sleep in the same room she 
must not be permitted to take the infant into 
her bed. Leucorrhceal discharges from a 
nurse can be transmitted to the infant from 
infected bedclothes, and give rise to infection 
resulting in leucorrhceal discharge, or catarrh 
of the eyes. 



IO THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

Do not select a nurse who suffers with ca- 
tarrh or throat trouble. It is important to see 
whether her tonsils are enlarged, for a sufferer 
from chronic tonsillitis can easily infect the 
infant. We should know that her lungs are 
normal, that she has no chronic cough, and no 
evidence of tuberculosis. A skin disease or 
eruption should always be looked upon with 
suspicion, it may be an innocent rash or it may 
be syphilis. Her teeth and gums should be 
examined. If pus exists at the roots of her 
teeth, a mouth infection can be transmitted to 
the infant by an innocent kiss. A health cer- 
tificate from a physician should be requested. 

If possible select a nurse who has been 
trained in a hospital devoted to the care 
of infants. She should be a woman be- 
tween twenty and forty years of age, one 
that is quiet, mild-mannered, and that does 
not "know everything." Experimental feeding, 
as frequently tried by the nurse, is responsible 
for more rickets and weak children than any 
other method of rearing children. The nurse- 
maid should wear a dress or uniform that may 
frequently be washed. She must take orders 
from the physician and mother. It is the 
mother's place to instruct the nurse-maid. A 
mother who is dependent on a nurse will find 
that fact to be a detriment to her child. The 
nurse-maid should be instructed to wash her 



THE NURSERY II 

hands in soap and water after handling soiled 
napkins. It is absolutely essential that she 
scrub her hands in soap and water, and brush 
her finger-nails before touching the feeding 
bottles, and handling the nipples. The neglect 
to do this may be the means of carrying germs 
or particles from the napkin to the nipple and 
thus contaminating the food, or giving baby 
a sore mouth. 

In selecting toys for the baby those made Toys 
of ivory or rubber are to be preferred. Select 
the best quality of pure rubber and avoid 
those whose colors rub off. Avoid all "woolly 
lambs" and "woolly dogs," as the baby is sure 
to get some of the fluff into his mouth, which 
will cause gastric disturbance. Wooden blocks 
that can be washed, not those covered with 
paper, should be given to the baby. 



CHAPTER II 

BATHING AND CARE OF THE NAVEL 

BATHING 

l^st nn HE first bath given to the baby should 

Bath A be an oil or vaselin bath. Soon after the 

baby is born the body should be anointed 
with warm olive oil or warmed vaselin. This 
oil can be applied with a large cotton wad. 
By this means we can remove the cheesy cov- 
ering, called vernix caseosa, with which the 
baby is born. The oil bath serves the double 
purpose of cleansing the skin and lubricating 
the body so that the chilling of the body is 
prevented. An oil bath should be given daily 
until the navel cord has dried and fallen off. 
This usually happens between the fourth and 
Th t eighth days. The first tub bath may now be 

Bath given. Requisites for the Tub Bath are: A 

warm room, temperature 70-72 F. ; papier- 
mache bath-tub on a low table; a basin of 
fresh warm water; two soft sponges or wash 
cloths ; two large soft towels ; a bath thermom- 
eter with wooden case; olive oil soap or 
superfatted soap ; a powder shaker containing 



BATHING 13 

pure talcum powder; several toothpicks on 
which a little absorbent cotton is twisted; a 
soft brush and fine comb; a large flannel 
bathing apron. 

When giving the baby a bath, see that the Tempera- 
temperature of the room is between 70-72 F. Bath and 
Place the tub where there is no possibility of Room 
a draught, or avoid draughts by means of 
screens. Never place the tub on the floor, 
but always on a low stand or table. For a 
very young infant have the temperature of the 
bath between 98-100 F. As the baby grows 
older, gradually lower the temperature so that 
when baby is one year old the temperature is 
between 85-90 F. Always use a bath ther- 
mometer, never guess at the temperature, as 
the water will feel very much warmer to the 
sensitive skin of the baby than to a hand ac- 
customed to hot water. After everything is 
prepared for the bath, and the fresh clothing G ive the 
for the baby is warmed, tie on the large flan- Bath 
nel bathing apron. Undress the baby and 
take him on your lap. Cover all but his head 
with the flannel apron. After bathing the 
face with the fresh water from the basin, soap 
the cloth and carefully wash the head and 
scalp. Dry the face and head thoroughly. 
The entire body is now carefully bathed with 
soap and warm water from the basin. Keep 
the baby wrapt in the flannel apron as 



H 



THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Drying 



Fewdering 



CoW 

Spray 
cr Har- 
dening 



much as possible while this is being done. 
Now lift him gently into the fresh warm water 
in the bath-tub. Use a fresh cloth and 
thoroughly rinse off all soap. After remain- 
ing in the tub for two or three minutes he 
should be lifted out of the tub and placed on 
the warm towels which have been prepared on 
the bed. Wrap the towel around him and 
gently pat him dry. Use the second towel to 
dry all the little folds of flesh, under the arms, 
at the neck, between the thighs, etc. Lift the 
baby from the damp towel on to a dry blanket, 
rub him with alcohol, and dust a little talcum 
powder on the neck, behind the ears, under 
the arms and knees, in the groin and on the 
buttocks. Wipe away the superfluous powder 
as it will only irritate the skin, especially in 
the groin where it is likely to get wet and cake. 
As baby grows older he may remain in his 
bath longer — from five to ten minutes, espe- 
cially during the summer. After the morning 
bath he should receive a dash of cold water 
over his spine. This had better be given by 
means of a large sponge saturated in cold 
water. While the baby is still seated or stand- 
ing in the bath water, this saturated sponge 
should be held back of his head, the water 
squeezed out and allowed to run down his 
back. By the use of cold we contract the 
blood-vessels and prevent chilling of the sur- 



BATHING 15 

face. This plan is most admirably adapted 
for hardening the baby, thus preventing him 
from taking cold easily. 

If the baby is a boy the foreskin should be The 
pushed back every day and the parts carefully Foreskln 
washed with cotton and warm water, remov- 
ing all white particles collected there. At 
times the use of borated vaselin is necessary. 
When it is impossible to push the foreskin 
backward and clean the parts, then pieces of 
smegma may cause the trouble and it will be 
necessary for the physician to force the fore- 
skin backward to remove the smegma. When 
this is impossible circumcision will be nec- 
essary. 

The scalp need only be washed two or The scalp 
three times a week, unless it is covered with ^J^" 
greasy scales (milk crust) as is quite common ; 
then it should be washed every day and 
anointed with melted cocoa butter. If these 
greasy scales persist, the physician should be 
consulted. Be very careful when washing the 
scalp or removing these scales, as the fontanel 
or "soft spot" on the top of the head is open. 
Do not rub over this spot roughly or allow 
anything to fall on it or strike it. 

After baby is drest his nose and ears The £ ose 
should be cleaned by means of wooden tooth- 
picks on which a little absorbent cotton is 
twisted, care being taken to see that the end 



Mouth 



l6 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

is well covered. Dip the covered end of one 
of these toothpicks into a solution of boric 
acid and insert into the nose ; by gently mov- 
ing it around the nostril remove as much of 
the secretion as possible. Clean the ears in 
the same manner, but use a freshly mounted 
toothpick for each ear and nostril. 
Boric-Acid Boric acid solution for the baby's toilet is 
solution m ade by adding a teaspoonful of boric acid 
powder to a pint of boiling water, or can be 
bought from the druggist by asking for a 2 
per cent, solution of boric acid. 
The Baby should receive daily washings of his 

mouth by giving him a drink of water after 
each feeding. The old method of cleansing 
the mouth with a solution of boric acid on 
cotton or gauze frequently causes ulceration. 
The lining of the mouth is so delicate that the 
slightest friction may cause inflammation. 

When the teeth are present they should be 
kept clean. Neglect of the teeth will result in 
caries and foul breath ; particles of milk some- 
times remain between the teeth, turn acid, and 
so destroy the enamel of the teeth. Baby's 
teeth are best cleaned by means of a small 
piece of cotton dipt in a weak solution of 
bicarbonate of soda and water. The teeth of 
older children may be cleaned with a brush 
and a teacup of warm water to which half a 
teaspoon of table salt has been added. 



Teeth 



BATHING 17 

To cleanse the eye dip a small pledget of The 
cotton into a 2 per cent, boric acid solution. 
Hold this cotton near the eye and squeeze the 
cotton, letting a little of the solution fall on 
the eyelid. Let it remain for a few moments ; 
do not attempt to open the eye as the solution 
will trickle there itself ; wipe, but do not rub, 
the eye gently toward the nose with a dry 
piece of cotton, using a fresh piece of cotton 
for each eye. 

If it is necessary to shorten the nails they The Nails 
should be cut, not bitten off, before the baby a 
is bathed. After the bath any remaining 
foreign matter under the nails may be removed 
with a wet toothpick. 

The hair should be brushed with a soft 
camel's-hair brush. 

It is well to give the bath just before putting when to 
the baby to bed and before the evening feed- 
ing. It makes him sleep better and there 
is no danger of his catching cold by being car- 
ried about. Never give a bath directly after 
a meal or just before the baby is to be taken 
out. In the morning one hour after his feed- 
ing he may have a sponge bath. During the 
summer months the baby may have a tub bath 
(one minute dip) in the morning in addition 
to his evening tub bath. There are four chan- 
nels by which impurities can be removed from 
the body; they are: I. The skin; 2. The kid- 
neys ; 3. The intestines ; 4. The lungs. 



iS 



THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Sensitive 
or Chafed 
Skin 



Oatmeal 
Bath 



When 
to Stop 
Bathing 



To remove impurities through the skin, the 
pores must be kept open. This can only be 
attained by bathing. Besides cleansing the 
skin the bath exerts a very soothing influence 
on the nerves. Very nervous children will 
appear more calm after a bath, so that children 
who are restless at night will be strengthened 
and soothed by this simple means. 

If the baby's skin shows a tendency to be 
red and chafed then it is advisable to use no 
soap at all, but an ordinary bath or an oat- 
meal bath made in the following manner will 
be found advantageous : 

Tie one pound of oatmeal into a bag made 
of cheese-cloth. Place this bag in the baby's 
bath-tub; let it soak in hot water for about 
one half hour, and then add enough water to 
bathe the baby. The duration of the bath 
should be from five to ten minutes ; the tem- 
perature of bath 95 F. 

Do not bathe the baby if he has an eczema 
or a very reddened skin. (Read also the article 
on Eczema on page 147.) Do not bathe 
him if an eruption is present, unless the erup- 
tion i§ due to an irritant applied to the skin. 
Turpentine, mustard, and camphorated oil, 
when rubbed into the skin, will cause an erup- 
tion resembling scarlet fever. Under such 
conditions the bath may be used. When fever 
develops the bath may be continued, provided 



CARE OF THE NAVEL 1 9 

there is no eruptive disease like measles or 

scarlet fever. When baby has a cough or 

catarrhal manifestations, it is advisable to 
discontinue the bath for a few days. 

CARE OF THE NAVEL 

The nurse in charge of the baby must 
thoroughly wash her hands and clean her 
nails before touching the cord. 

Dry dressing only should be used. The At Birth 
cord should be dusted with aristol powder 
and wrapt in several thicknesses of steril- 
ized cheese-cloth. A clean dressing should be 
renewed daily until the cord falls off. 

Sprinkle talcum powder into the navel and * fte J the 
cover it with several layers of cheese-cloth or Fails off 
linen, over which apply the bellyband. 

If proper cleanliness has not been observed sore 
inflammation of the navel will result. If such 
is the case, the skin surrounding the navel will 
appear reddened and an oozing or discharge 
of pus follows. The physician's attention 
must be directed to this condition, the neglect 
of which may result in blood-poisoning. 

When baby strains very hard to have a Rupture 
movement of the bowels a rupture of the navel ^avei 
sometimes follows. This protruding mass 
feels soft, and a distinct gurgling sound can 
be heard when it is replaced or pushed back 
by the finger. Straining during constipation 



20 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

or straining during continued diarrhea may- 
cause this condition. Violent coughing spells 
such as occur in whooping-cough may also 
cause this rupture. A snug-fitting abdominal 
binder evenly placed will support the abdo- 
men and hold this rupture in place. It is best 
to consult the physician the moment the rup- 
ture is noticed. Until then a strip of zinc 
oxide adhesive plaster 1/4 inches in width 
should be tightly drawn around the body 
covering the rupture. 



CHAPTER III 
CLOTHING 

THE new-born baby requires the following 
clothing : During the day, a flannel band ; 
a diaper ; socks ; a long-sleeved shirt ; a flannel 
pinning blanket; a white dress. At night, a 
flannel band ; a long-sleeved shirt ; a diaper ; a 
flannel night-dress. 

The flannel band should be long enough to The 
reach twice around the baby's body and Band 
should never be more than four inches in 
width. It will interfere with the breathing if 
brought up too high. It should have no seams 
or hems to cause uneven pressure, as it must 
fit snug, but not too tight. This band should 
always be closed on the left side; whenever 
possible it should be closed by basting with 
needle and thread. If the baby is restless and 
this can not always be done, then it may be 
fastened by using four of the smallest size 
safety pins. 

This flannel band should usually be dis- The Knit 
carded after the baby reaches the age of three Band 
months. When this band is discarded, a lisle 



22 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

or knit silk and wool band should be used in 
its place. This band is held in position by 
means of shoulder straps and diaper tag. 
The The diaper should be made of soft bird's 

eye cotton or linen. For a very young baby 
it should be made about eighteen inches 
square and folded but once. Knitted or 
stockinette diapers are light, porous and elas- 
tic and yield to all strains and motions of the 
body; they can fee bought in the stores. I 
especially recommend them for children after 
they are placed in the sitting position. 

Never place a small, folded diaper inside 
of the regular diaper; this would cause too 
much thickness between the baby's legs, and 
may cause the legs to assume a bowed appear- 
ance, especially if the bones are soft and bend 
easily. The baby should never have more than 
Quilted two thicknesses of cloth between his legs. To 

Diaper protect the skirts from the excess of urine, a 

quilted diaper pad about twelve inches square 
can be laid directly under the baby after he 
is diapered, and the skirts then arranged over 
this pad. This pad should never be tied by 
means of strings around the baby's waist as 
is so often seen, as this brings the weight on 
the hips. By careful handling the pad will 
remain in position when the baby is taken in 
arms. Never resort to a rubber diaper, for 
sanitary reasons. 



CLOTHING 23 

The diaper once wet must never be dried 
and used again, for unless the baby is per- 
fectly normal the urine may contain substances 
which will irritate the buttocks and thighs, 
thus causing redness and chafing. At times 
eczema will result from constant irritation. 
When there is redness and irritation of the 
buttocks, or genitals, do not use soda or strong 
soap in washing the diapers, use only olive 
oil or castile soap, and no bluing, dry in the 
open air and sun, never in or near the nursery. 

Paper diapers recommended for traveling Paper 
are made by the Lehigh Paper Mills, of New 
York. This diaper paper is extremely soft, 
and is manufactured under sanitary conditions 
which exclude everything that might chafe or 
irritate the baby's skin. When a diaper is 
soiled it can be thrown away ; it will not clog 
the plumbing. It is placed inside of a regular 
diaper, thus preventing the cotton fabric from 
becoming soiled. 

Over the band a lisle or light-weight silk and The shirt 
wool shirt is worn in summer, a second weight 
silk and wool shirt in spring and fall, and a 
third or heavier weight in winter. The fourth 
or very heavy weight shirt found in our stores 
should never be used in our climate. Silk and 
wool shirts should be used because they are 
light in weight and wash well. Woolen ma- 
terials shrink and become hard in washing. A 



Pinning 
blanket 



Flannel 
Skirt 



The Dress 



24 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

combination of silk and wool, no matter how 
often washed, remains soft, retains its original 
size and shape and gives freedom with every 
motion of the baby's body. 

Next comes the pinning blanket. This is 
always made of light-weight flannel, and made 
after the regular skirt pattern, only that it is 
left open in the back the full length of the 
skirt, thus making it more convenient in hand- 
ling the baby, changing the diaper, etc. This 
pinning blanket may also be modeled after the 
popular "Gertrude" pattern. After the pin- 
ning blanket is closed, the skirt part is folded, 
and turned up at the bottom and pinned with 
several safety pins, so as to reach just above 
the hem of the dress. This will keep the cool 
air from the baby's feet and at the same time 
give him plenty of room" to kick or move his 
limbs. 

When baby is put into short clothes, about 
the age of five months, a short flannel skirt, 
on a flannel body in winter, on a cotton body 
in summer, takes the place of the pinning 
blanket. Over the flannel petticoat mothers 
usually insist on putting a white petticoat be- 
cause it "looks better." This is not necessary 
and only adds more weight to the baby's 
clothes. 

The dress, skirts, and band are slipt over 
the infant's feet, never over its head. On 



CLOTHING 25 

cold days the baby should wear a dress of 
flannel or a flannel or cashmere sack over the 
white dress. The baby's clothes should be 
made plain, avoiding all ruffles, plaiting, and 
useless trimmings; allow only enough fulness 
for comfort; select fine, soft materials, and 
when trimming is considered indispensable, 
use laces instead of embroideries. 

It is advisable to have several light woolen Wrappers 
wrappers which can be quickly slipt on the Blankets 
baby whenever necessary. Knitted wool blan- 
kets are more serviceable than the bought 
woolen blankets for wrapping baby, as they 
are light in weight and can be more easily 
washed, more quickly dried and remain softer 
than the woven blankets. 

The feet should be covered with very Socks and 

Shoes 

closely knitted silk and wool socks. When 
the clothes are shortened soft moccasins or 
kid shoes and merino or silk and wool stockings 
take the place of the woolen socks or bootees. 

When the baby is able to stand on his feet Ankle 
and shows signs of taking the first steps, a 
shoe with a flat, broad sole should be made to 
fit the individual child's foot as accurately as 
possible. An inside ankle support should be 
fitted into the shoe. Another shoe that an- 
swers the same purpose is made with whale- 
bones fitted at the sides. Laced shoes are 



Support 



26 



THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Drooling 
Bib 



When to 
Shorten 
the 
Clothes 



Position 
of Baby 
While 
Being 
Drest 



preferred to buttoned ones as they can be made 
to fit the foot better. 

During the teething period, or when the 
baby begins to "drool" much, he is apt quickly 
to wet through any little bib he may wear, and 
so take cold by having damp clothing next to 
his skin. A water-proof bib must be worn. 
Rubber is objectionable on account of its 
warmth and odor. Several water-proof mate- 
rials of light weight are now on the market. 
Any of these can be used. A piece cut the 
shape of the bib can be bound with tape and 
worn underneath the linen bib to prevent the 
clothing from becoming wet. The Lehigh 
Paper Mills, of New York, make sanitary 
paper bibs which can be used while traveling 
to protect the dresses. They cost less than a 
cent a piece and can be thrown away. 

The baby's clothes should be shortened 
when he begins to kick or show signs of want- 
ing to use his limbs — this is about the fifth 
month. It is not wise to make this change 
during cold weather. If the baby is born in 
July it is better to shorten the clothes in Octo- 
ber, the beginning of the fourth month, rather 
than wait until November and make the 
change during very cold weather. 

The baby should always be drest while 
lying on his back on a soft bed or a pillow. 
Very little or no turning of the baby is neces- 



CLOTHING 2.J 

sary. The band, as said before, may be slipt 
over the feet, the body gently raised by grasp- 
ing the feet, the arms slipt through the 
shoulder straps and the band then slips into 
place without turning the baby. The skirts 
and dress are laid together and slipt over 
the legs at the same time ; after the sleeves 
are gently worked over the arms the baby is 
turned on the right side and the skirts and 
dress are closed. If a sack is required the left 
arm can be slipt into the sleeve while the 
baby is still on the right side ; one more turn- 
ing of the baby to the left side will permit the 
right arm to be slipt into the right sleeve. 

When the baby has on the right amount of when 
clothing his limbs will be pink or the skin Drest 
mottled. They should not be bluish, as they 
usually are when the baby is not drest warm 
enough. In special cases, where, for example, 
heart disease exists, continued blueness of the 
limbs is found. Such cases require careful 
medical supervision. 

When the baby is too warmly drest per- When too 
spiration will result. This has a weakening Dre 's£ 1,y 
effect, besides producing a sensitive skin, which 
means less resistance and a liability to take 
cold easily. 

A baby under twelve months is put to bed Night 
with a shirt, a diaj>er, and a flannel or flannel- 
ette nightdress, which is made long enough to 



28 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

allow the hem to be gathered on a drawing- 
string. This will insure the baby's feet being 
covered even tho the outer covering be 
kicked off. 

After the baby discards the diaper at night, 
night-drawers, which will be found more serv- 
iceable and comfortable, may be worn. These 
can be made of canton flannel or can be bought 
made of stockinette. 
street When the baby goes out of doors he needs, 

Ctot+iing J ° ' 

in addition to the regular house clothes, a long 
woolen or wool-lined coat with shoulder cape 
as an extra protection ; a silk cap with heavy 
lining; woolen mittens ; a lace veil (bobbinet), 
which may be worn on very windy days, or 
when asleep in the carriage. A woolen veil 
should never be worn, as there is danger of 
the baby swallowing some of the fluff. After 
the baby is in short clothes leggins will be 
necessary in cold weather. During the sum- 
mer a pique coat and a thin lace cap are all 
that is necessary. 



CHAPTER IV 
DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH 

THE average height of the new-born male Height 
is from ig l / 2 to 20 inches (about 50 centi- 
meters) ; of the female from ig 1 /^ to 19^4 
inches (about 48.5 centimeters). A child 
grows most rapidly during its first year. The 
increase during the first year is 5 to 6j4 
inches; second year, 2j4 to Z T A inches; third 
year, 2% to 2% inches; fourth year, about 2 
inches; fifth to sixteenth year annual increase 
from 1^2 to 2 inches; sixteenth to seventeenth 
year, 1^4 inches; seventeenth to twentieth 
year, 1 inch yearly. 

The growth of hair seen on the baby's head The 
at birth usually falls out during the first three 
or four weeks of life, and then a new growth 
gradually takes its place. This hair is light 
in color, but usually becomes darker as the 
baby grows older. 

During the second month the baby shows intelligence 
signs of intelligence. This is the time when 
the mother and nurse think it necessary to 
entertain the baby, but this gives more pleas- 

29 



30 THE HEALTH-CAKE OF THE BABY 

ure to the mother than to the baby, whose 
nervous system is very delicate. The brain is 
very active during the first year of life and 
therefore requires rest and quiet. During the 
third and fourth months the baby learns to 
hold up his head if his back is supported. He 
will learn to recognize his mother and he be- 
gins to smile and ''coo." The first tears are 
usually seen during the third month. Dur- 
ing the fourth month the baby begins to notice 
his toys. The salivary glands become active 
and drooling begins. During the sixth month 
he tries to sit up unsupported. This should 
not be encouraged or allowed until the seventh 
month and then only for a few moments at a 
time. During the seventh or eighth month 
the first tooth usually appears. 
Walking Diseases of the bones, rickets, and scrofula 

retard growth. A child should begin to walk 
at the end of twelve months. If a child when 
beginning to walk uses chiefly its toes and has 
a limping gait, more especially if symptoms of 
pain be noticed in one knee, and tenderness be 
caused by handling the limb, the physician 
should be consulted. During the ninth and 
tenth months the baby attempts to lift himself 
up on his feet, and during the tenth and 
eleventh months he is able to stand with as- 
sistance. The first attempts at walking are 
generally made during the twelfth month, and 



DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH 3 1 

at fourteen or fifteen months the baby as a 
rule is able to walk very well alone. The 
baby should never be encouraged to walk; he 
will walk of his own accord when his muscles 
and bones are strong enough to support him. 

He begins to talk about the twelfth month, Talking 
his first words usually being Mamma and 
Papa. The center of speech may be inactive and 
show no signs of development until the end 
of the second year. If the child is otherwise 
healthy, no alarm need be felt at this state of 
affairs. If, however, the child is backward in 
its physical development, as well as its mental 
development, then treatment must be sought 
to remedy this condition. 

If an infant showing proper development Loss of 
begins to speak, and for no apparent reason pee ' 
then stops speaking, the cause of the condi- 
tion should be carefully investigated. A child 
suffering from a severe infectious disease, like 
diphtheria, may during convalescence, develop 
paralysis, which might cause the sudden cessa- 
tion of speech. The neglect of treatment at 
such a time may result in permanent injury 
to the child. 

The fontanel or "soft spot" in the baby's The 
head should be completely closed by the end Fontanel 
of the eighteenth month. 

The baby should be weighed at regular The 
intervals. Nothing else tells, so accurately Wel9ht 



32 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

whether or no he is thriving. For the first 
year the baby should be weighed every week, 
during the second year, every two or four 
weeks will be sufficient. The best time to 
weigh the baby is when he is undrest, just 
before his bath. 
How to £[ e should be weighed in the same scales 

each time. The scales must be accurate. 
Scoop scales are best adapted for young in- 
fants. When weighing the baby undress him, 
and wrap him in a small blanket and place 
him in the scoop of the scales; balance the 
scales and note the amount ; then remove the 
baby and after dressing him, weigh the blanket 
in which he was wrapt; deduct the weight 
of the blanket from the total and the re- 
mainder will be the weight of the baby. 

The average healthy baby weighs from seven 
to seven and one-half pounds at birth. A few 
ounces are generally lost during the first week. 
These are made up during the second week 
and then the baby should gain at the rate of 
four to eight ounces each week up to the sixth 
month. The gain from the sixth to the 
twelfth month is less, usually from two to 
four ounces a week. 

A healthy baby properly fed does not lose 
in weight. There are times when the baby 
will gain very slightly and probably for a few 
weeks not at all, and still be in a healthy con- 



Norma! 
Gain 



WEIGHT AND FEEDING RECORD 



AGE 


Weight 
Pounds Ounces 


Gain-f- 

Loss — 

Ounces 


Food 


Stool 


1 week 










2 weeks 










3 weeks 










4 weeks 










5 weeks 










6 weeks 










7 weeks 










8 weeks 










9 weeks 










10 weeks 










11 weeks 








! 


12 weeks 










1 13 weeks 











WEIGHT AND FEEDING RECORD 



AGE 


Weight 
Pounds Ounces 


Gain+ 
Loss — 
Ounces 


Food 


Stool 


14 weeks 










IS weeks 










16 weeks 










17 weeks 










18 weeks 










19 weeks 










20 weeks 










21 weeks 










22 weeks 










23 weeks 










24 weeks 










25 weeks 








1 


26 weeks 






1 





WEIGHT AND FEEDING RECORD 



AGE 


Weight 
Pounds Ounces 


Gain+ 
Loss — 
Ounces 


Food 


Stool 


27 weeks 










28 weeks 










29 weeks 










30 weeks 










31 weeks 










32 weeks 










33 weeks 










34 weeks 










35 weeks 










36 weeks 










37 weeks 










38 weeks 










39 weeks 











WEIGHT AND FEEDING RECORD 



AGE 


Weight 
Pounds Ounces 


Gain-f 

Loss — 

Ounces 


Food 


Stool 


40 weeks 










41 weeks 










42 weeks 










43 weeks 










44 weeks 










45 weeks 










46 weeks 










47 weeks 










48 weeks 










49 weeks 










50 weeks 










51 weeks 










52 weeks 











DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH 33 

dition. During the teething period and dur- 
ing very hot weather the baby as a rule gains 
very little in weight. 

RECORD OF A HEALTHY BABY, 
BREAST FED 

Weight 
Age Pounds 

Weight at birth 7 l A 

Weight at 1 month 9 

Weight at 2 months 11^4 

Weight at 3 months \2 l / 2 

Weight at 4 months 1354 

Weight at 5 months 15 

Weight at 6 months 16%. 

Weight at 8 months 18*4 

Weight at 10 months 1954 

Weight at end of 1 year 21 

Weight at 1 year, 3 months 22 

Weight at 1 year, 6 months 22y 2 

Weight at 1 year 9 months 24 

Weight at end of 2 years 26 

Some babies fed on prepared infant foods 
or those foods containing a great deal of 
starch, will gain rapidly in weight. 

A normal baby usually doubles its weight at 
the end of the fifth month, and by the end of 
the first year weighs three times its weight at 
birth. Taking seven pounds as the average 
weight for an infant at birth, it should weigh 
fourteen pounds at the end of the fifth month 
and twenty-one pounds at the end of the first 
year. 

If an infant is under weight, or dyspeptic, 



34 



THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Kicking 
for 

Exercise 



Creeping 



or if he suffers from intestinal trouble, it may 
be necessary to weigh him every day for sev- 
eral weeks until we are sure a regular and 
systematic gain is being made. If the infant 
is breast fed and we suspect scanty milk, the 
weight should be taken before and after the 
nursing. The difference in the weight will 
show the number of ounces of milk the infant 
has taken. 

For the first two weeks of life the baby 
takes very little physical exercise, but after 
this he begins to kick and move his arms 
around in a manner which insures plenty of it. 
His clothing should be loose enough to permit 
him to use his arms and legs freely. He gets 
exercise while in his bath, kicking his legs and 
moving his arms. A cool sponge bath of the 
body chills the surface and causes the baby 
to draw long breaths ; this expands the lungs 
and is the best form of pulmonary gymnastics. 
When the baby cries from temper let him 
alone — his lungs are exercised by crying. 

When carrying the baby change him from 
one arm to the other so that he may learn to 
use and exercise both arms equally. 

When the baby is six months old place him 
on a large, clean rug and permit him to roll 
and creep at will. This exercise requires no 
regulation except precautions against dan- 
gerous places. 



DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH 35 

Do not put the baby on his feet. When he walking 
can pull himself up on his feet by his own 
effort, it will be time to encourage him to 
make the effort to stand and walk. Later on, 
walking will be the best outdoor exercise. 

If the baby is born in summer and per- The 
f ectly normal, he should be given his first o^* 
outing when eight or ten days old. If born 
in winter he must be gradually accustomed 
to outdoor life. This is best done by dressing 
him in cap and coat in addition to his house 
clothes and placing him in his carriage in the 
nursery. Open the windows from the top, 
close all doors so there is no draught and 
wheel the baby back and forth for an hour or 
more. This method of giving fresh air can 
also be employed when the baby is older and 
the streets are wet or when very sharp winds 
are blowing. When the baby is tw'o months Life 
old, he may be taken out in dry, cold weather. 
Begin by letting him stay out for an hour or 
two in the warmest part of the day. Grad- 
ually increase the length of time from week 
to week until the baby is accustomed to out- 
door air, when he can remain for several hours 
at a time each nice, dry day. In summer the 
baby may remain outdoors until 7 o'clock, 
and in the winter until 5 o'clock if the air is 
clear and dry. 

In summer the baby should be taken into 



36 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

the house or in the shade during the hottest 
part of the day, from 12 noon to 3 p. m. 
Z he Select a carriage that is strongly built, that 

Carriage , . & .,,, 

has good springs, wheels with rubber tires, 
and a top that can be made to fit tightly about 
the head of the carriage. This top is espe- 
cially valuable in winter, as it keeps off all 
winds. Separate tops of linen can be bought 
for use during the summer. These tops, 
whenever possible, should be lined in green, 
as this color is the least trying to the baby's 
eyes. In winter the carriage should contain 
a hair pillow covering the bottom of the car- 
riage and another small, flat hair pillow for 
the baby's head. Over the pillow should be 
placed a knit wool blanket. The baby should 
be placed on this blanket which then should 
s be carefully wrapt around him. Another 

wool blanket or afghan should be placed over 
the baby and tucked well in at the sides and 
foot of the carriage. Over this a fur robe 
should be placed in very cold weather. In 
summer cotton covers take the place of the 
wool blankets. When the baby is still very 
young it is better for the nurse to stay on one 
block so as to avoid jars at crossings or curbs. 
When it is necessary to teke the carriage over 
curbs, the hind wheels should be gently let 
down first. This avoids that sudden forward 
jar of the baby and leaves him in a comfort- 
able position. 



BABY'S WEIGHT CHART 



LBS 


GRAMS 


WEEK OF AGE 


GRAMS 


LBS 


l 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


$ 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


23 


."J 


30 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 


37 


38 


39 


40 


41 


42 


43 


44 


45 


46 


47 


48 


49 


50 


51 


52 


24 


10,890 










































































































10,890 


24 


23 


10,430 










































































































10,430 


23 


22 


9980 










































































































9980 


22 


21 


9530 










































































































9530 


21 


20 


9070 










































































































9070 


20 


19 


8620 






































































































8620 


19 


18 


8160 










































































































8160 


18 


17 


7710 










































































































7710 


17 


16 


7260 










































































































7260 


16 


15 


6800 










































































































6800 


15 
14 

13 


14 


6350 










































































































6350 


13 


5900 








































































































5900 


12 


5440 










































































































5440 


12 


11 


4990 










































































































4990 


11 


10 


4540 










































































































4540 


10 


9 


4080 










































































































4080 


9 


8 


3630 










































































































3630 


8 


7 


3180 


^ 


X 




































































































3180 


1 


6 


2720 














































































| 


























2720 


b 


5 


2270 












































































;! 


























2270 




4 


1840 


















































! 


























1 


























1840 





HEAVY LINE INDICATES THE WEIGHT OF AN AVERAGE BREAST-FED INFANT 



DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH 2)7 

As the baby grows older and is able to sit 
up, or about the ninth month, the seats which 
are bought with the carriage may be used and 
arranged so as to give him the proper position. 

The best place to feed the baby is in the Feeding 
house, altho I frequently permit a baby to be carriage 
fed, in the carriage, out of doors during the 
summer. 

There is no objection to the baby's sleeping Sleeping 
when in the street. There is no more danger Carriage 
of his taking cold while asleep than when 
awake. We invariably find those children who 
sleep out of doors less prone to take cold. See 
that baby is drest warm and placed in the 
sunshine with his face and eyes protected from 
the sun and wind, and he will sleep with com- 
fort and advantage. 

CRYING 

A certain amount of crying is necessary for 
the baby if he is to be healthy and strong, for 
this is the way he exercises his lungs and sends 
the blood to the extremities. 

This normal cry is loud and strong and baby Normal 
may indulge in it frequently ; even tho he Cry 
gets red in the face this cry is healthful. A 
careful and observing mother will soon learn 
to know this cry from the cry of pain, hunger 
or discomfort. 

The baby may cry because he is hungry, or Causes 



38 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

thirsty; his napkin may be wet; he may be 
frightened or sleepy ; his clothing may be un- 
comfortable ; he may be tired lying in one posi- 
tion, or he may be crying from temper and 
want to be indulged. 

When the baby cries see that he is comfort- 
able, that the napkin is not wet, that the hands 
and feet are warm, that the clothes are smooth 
under him, that no pins are pricking him, and 
change his position. 
Due to If he is crying from colic the cry is strong, 

Colic sharp, and spasmodic and often accompanied 

by a drawing up of the legs and a contraction 
of the features. 
Due to The cry from earache is a continuous whine 

Earache ^ often ^ hand fc broug ht toward the 

head. 
Due to The cry of hunger is a continuous, frettul 

Hunger sound, heard soon after feeding or some time 
before the next meal is due, and is usually 
accompanied by the sucking of the thumb or 
fingers. 
Due to When the baby is very ill or weak the cry 

illness -will be low or moaning. 

Due to The cry of temper is loud and strong and is 

Temper accompanied by kicking and stiffening of the 

body. It can easily be distinguished from 
other cries, for when baby gets what he wants 
he immediately stops. This cry of temper 
should never be given in to or the mother will 



DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH 39 

regret it later on. The training can not be- 
gin too early. When the baby cries from 
fright he should be taken up and comforted 
and as soon as quieted put back on his bed 
again. 

When the baby cries and all causes but tem- 
per have been eliminated, then let him "cry 
it out," even if he cries an hour. The second 
struggle will not last so long. The third will 
be still shorter. If the abdominal band is 
properly applied no rupture can result from 
this crying. 

In cases of habitual crying it is better to get Habitual 
the opinion of a physician as to the cause be- ry " 9 
fore subjecting the baby to too rigid discipline. 



CHAPTER V 

PROPER TRAINING 

Resting TT^ROM earliest infancy it is advisable to 

X train the baby. He should be given the 
breast, and after nursing or feeding from the 
bottle, be laid in his bed. If this habit is be- 
gun early a regular habit of resting can be 
formed. 
The When baby is three months old he can be 

Bowels taught to use the commode. He should be 

placed on a small chamber held in the nurse's 
lap. As he grows older and strong enough 
to support his back he may be placed on his 
chair or commode. The best time to have 
baby's bowels move is in the evening before 
his bath or evening feeding. As baby grows 
older his bowels will move with less effort 
after his feeding, but this should not be en- 
couraged while he is young, as he is liable to 
regurgitate his food. If baby makes no at- 
tempt to move his bowels when placed on the 
commode, then a small soap stick, or a gluten 
or glycerin suppository, should be inserted 
into the rectum. By this means we direct the 
40 



PROPER TRAINING 41 

baby's attention to the reason of his being 
placed on the vessel. Such treatment may be 
repeated daily for weeks or until baby's bowels 
move unaided. 

Each child should have his own vessel or Sanitary 
his own seat as a sanitary measure. These seat^ 
sanitary wooden seats can be bought at any 
of the large department stores of New York 
City. They can be laid on any vessel and pre- 
vent the child's body from coming in contact 
with the vessel. As they are small in size they 
are adapted for the young infant as well as 
the older child. 

The Queen Manufacturing Co., of Chicago, 
Illinois, makes a seat that clamps on any ordi- 
nary toilet seat. The opening is six by seven 
inches. It is finished in smooth white enamel. 
The back for supporting the child is adjust- 
able, s.o that the seat can- be carried in a suit- 
case when traveling. A strap buckles across 
the front. 

What is possible with the bowels can be ac- The 
complished with the bladder. If the mother ^neT 
or nurse will place the infant on a vessel 
every three or four hours he will gradually 
learn to hold his urine until such time. He 
should be placed on the vessel immediately on 
awakening, be it night or day. Children in- 
variably empty the bladder on awakening. 

At birth, the baby may normally have from Movements 



4^ 



THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Abnormal 
Movements 



The 

Nervous 

System 



three to four movements in twenty-four hours. 
As he grows older one or two movements a 
day will be sufficient. While the baby is fed 
on a milk diet his stool should be yellowish in 
color, smeary or paste-like in consistency, and 
the smell should be acid, but not disagreeable. 
As soon as an exclusive diet is changed to a 
mixed diet, the stools lose the yellow color 
and become darker, and resemble more those 
of an adult, tho remaining softer and thin- 
ner throughout infancy. 

Mucus is always present in all healthy stools, 
but is so well mixed that it does not appear 
as mucus to the naked eye. Any appearance, 
therefore, of mucus easily visible should be 
regarded as abnormal. 

Abnormal stools requiring treatment are 
these: Greenish stools resembling spinach; 
greenish stools containing small, white parti- 
cles ; brownish stools having a very offensive 
odor ; thin, brownish stools resembling muddy 
water, passed with considerable flatus (gas) ; 
dry, white or light gray stools; stools with 
jelly-like masses or long shreds of mucus; 
stools passed in hard, dry balls ; stools mixed 
with blood. 

To develop an infant's brain the nervous 
system requires quiet but cheerful surround- 
ings. Useless excitement is harmful. To take 
the baby and handle him like a toy is wrong. 



PROPER TRAINING 43 

I have seen infants taken up from a sound 
sleep to display the "talent" that some one has 
taught them. Nothing is more harmful than 
to have the mother compel her infant to dis- 
play various tricks during its feeding. While 
this is a gratification to the friends, it cer- 
tainly is detrimental to the infant's brain and 
nervous system. 

A new-born baby sleeps about nine-tenths sleep 
of the time. The sleeping time gradually 
diminishes and when the baby is five months 
old he usually sleeps all night and requires a 
long nap of two or three hours in the morning, 
and another of about one hour in the after- 
noon. The healthy baby sleeps with his mouth 
closed, the nostrils can be seen dilating gently 
and the chest moving slightly and regularly. 
The baby should never perspire while sleep- 
ing, but the skin should remain warm. 

The baby should be put to bed while awake. 
He should first be fed, made comfortable and 
the room should be darkened. He should 
neither be rocked nor sung to sleep ; if left to 
himself he will soon learn to fall asleep quietly. 
He should be put to bed no later than six 
o'clock, and should continue his afternoon nap 
until four years old or longer. 

Disturbed sleep or sleeplessness is usually Disturbed 
caused by improper feeding, and in the bottle- 
fed infant by over-feeding or too frequent 



44 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

feeding. Intestinal indigestion and colic are 
the most frequent causes. Discover the cause 
and remove the disturbance yourself if pos- 
sible; failing to do so consult a physician, as 
the trouble may be due to large tonsils, ade- 
noids, spine or hip disease, chronic joint pains, 
earache or toothache. See that the baby's feet 
are warm. Do not give him too much cloth- 
ing. Do not excite him with a new toy or 
romping play, and do not arouse fear before 
putting him to bed. Do not use soothing sirups 
or other medicines. 

E * d . When the baby is put to sleep his hands 

must always be outside of the blanket or bed 
clothing. Bad habits are easily acquired, espe- 
cially so if the genital parts are unclean. Any 
itching may cause a desire to scratch, later 
on, this may lead to constant fumbling, and 
if this latter is not corrected we may find that 
our baby is addicted to one of the worst habits 
found in infants or children — namely, mas- 
turbation. 

Kcifier The pacifier is used by mothers and nurses 

who do not realize its unsanitary nature. The 
friction during the sucking act causes the 
mouth, gums, and tongue to become so ir- 
ritated that disease germs penetrate, resulting 
in a mouth disease called thrush or sprue. 



CHAPTER VI 
VACCINATION 

TO prevent a child from taking smallpox 
it should be vaccinated. All infants over 
two months old may be vaccinated. If small- 
pox exists in a locality or if an infant has been 
exposed, he should be vaccinated immediately. 

When possible, this should be done during 
the spring or fall, but the time of the year 
does not in any way influence the result. Nor 
is there any danger from vaccinating during 
the winter or summer. 

While many physicians vaccinate on the arm, 
many more choose the lower (outer) third of 
the leg. It matters little which part of the leg 
is chosen so long 'as the virus is absorbed. 
When an inflammatory reaction takes place, 
immunity (protection) results. 

No mother or nurse should attempt to vac- 
cinate a baby ; a physician should always be 
called. With^ care and cleanliness there is 
little or no danger of complication; on the 
other hand if the slightest amount of dirt from 
a finger-nail or any other contamination is 

45 



46 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THfi BABY 

introduced into the wound, a child may con- 
tract erysipelas, which may lead to blood- 
poisoning and death. Five to seven days after 
vaccination, inflammation or redness around 
the vaccinated area will be noticed. This is 
the natural course "of taking." If this red- 
ness spreads and the skin is swollen and tense 
the physician will usually prescribe a cool, 
moist dressing of lead water or a 1 per cent, 
boric acid solution. The reddened surface is 
to be covered with gauze moistened with one 
of these solutions until the inflammation sub- 
sides; this usually takes two or three days 
more, in all about ten days. 



CHAPTER VII 
DENTITION (TEETHING) 

WHEN the baby is about four months old 
the flow of saliva usually begins, or is 
very much increased, so that a bib must be pro- 
vided. This drooling or "slobbering," as it Dr00 | ing 
is familiarly called, is not a sign that the teeth 
are trying to push their way through the gums, 
but simply signalizes the development of the 
salivary glands. 

The infant's first set of teeth are called the 
temporary teeth. The first tooth of the second 
or permanent set begins to appear about the 
sixth year. It is located behind the last tem- 
porary grinder and is often mistaken for a 
temporary tooth. 

Many mothers and nurses dread the teeth- 
ing period, and regard it as the time when the 
baby is likely to be sick. This is a mistake. It 
is perfectly natural for the baby to have teeth 
and there is nothing whatsoever to fear. In 
a normal baby the teeth appear between the 
seventh and tenth months. 

47 



Swollen 



48 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

There are twenty temporary teeth. The 
following table will show the nsual rule fol- 
lowed by normal dentition in the average baby : 




19 11 13 s 3 4 6 14 9 
20 12 15 7 1 2 8 16 10 

1 and 2 are the lower incisors, usually first 
teeth ; then follow 3 and 4, the upper incisors. 
Normal children usually teeth in pairs and 
not singly, whereas infants suffering with rick- 
ets usually have an eruption of single teeth. As 
a rule there is a lapse of from three to twelve 
weeks between the appearance of each group. 
Some infants do not show teeth before the end 
of the first year. This is usually due to defi- 
cient nourishment. The physician should be 
consulted for a change of diet. Infants reared 
by bottle-feeding do not cut teeth as early as 
those nourished by breast-milk, altho infants 
suffering with rickets sometimes teeth very 
early. 

The restlessness, loss of appetite, slight 

fever and putting of fingers in the mouth so 

Gums frequently attributed to teething, are more 

often due to insufficient nourishment. When 

the gums are very red and swollen and baby 



1 



DENTITION (TEETHING) 49 

seems really to suffer, consult your physician 
who will probably order a suitable mouth 
wash. 

Before considering lancing of gums consult 
an up-to-date dentist. A piece of ice wrapt 
in sterile cheese-cloth may be held on the 
gums, or absorbent cotton may be saturated 
with five drops of paregoric and gently rubbed 
on the gums. In order to relieve this condi- 
tion frequent sips of cool water are comfort- 
ing if the gums are hot. Biting on a hard sub- 
stance such as a piece of zwieback, which is 
preferable to the rubber or ivory ring so com- 
monly used, is soothing. A weaker food is 
advised if the baby's vitality seems lowered 
during the teething period, which is shown by 
fever, restlessness, undigested food in the 
stools, or vomiting. If the baby is breast-fed 
give him one or two ounces of filtered water 
before each feeding and reduce the length 
of nursing to five minutes. If bottle-fed 
take from each bottle one or two ounces 
of milk and replace with the same amount of 
filtered water. When all signs of restlessness 
have disappeared return to the former feeding. 
Delayed teething is due to insufficient phos- 

i ... . , - ~ i Delayed 

phates and vitamines in the food. Cereals Teething 
such as cornmeal, farina, hominy, arrowroot, 
and strained vegetables, chiefly spinach, beet- 
tops, and green peas, also strained orange 



50 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

juice, should be given at least once a day. 
When the infant is backward in teething there 
is a deficiency in the bone-forming elements of 
the food. As a rule it shows deficiency in 
phosphates or an absence of vitamine and 
protein elements in the food. This deficiency 
can be supplied by giving phosphorus made 
from cereals. This is sold in tablet form under 
the name of "vitaphos." * One tablet given 
three times a day will supply the phosphorus 
necessary for the stimulation of the growth 
and development of the teeth. 

* The General Drug Co., 94 North Moore Street, New 
York. 



PART II 

Feeding 



51 



CHAPTER I 
NATURAL METHOD OF FEEDING 

THE natural method of feeding a baby is Breast 
by means of the human breast If this 
were not so then every woman would simply 
pass through her period of pregnancy and the 
breasts would not secrete milk. Breast milk 
contains in addition to nourishment certain 
antitoxic bodies. These substances usually 
prevent a child from taking the acute infec- 
tious diseases. To produce this immunity 
from disease is in itself sufficient compensa- 
tion for the arduous duties demanded of a 
nursing mother. 

Recent studies with human milk have shown 
that the greatest number of infants owe their 
dyspepsia, with its train of symptoms such as 
colic, flatulence, eructations and vomiting to 
overfeeding. 

This overfeeding is due to too frequent in- overfeeding 
tervals of feeding. Whereas the old rule of 
feeding every two hours has been used, ex- 
perience has demonstrated that it is wiser to 

53 



54 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

substitute an interval of at least three to four 
hours, and so give no more than six, rarely 
seven feedings in 24 hours.* We also gain 
thereby an interval of rest for the mother 
which seems to relieve her of the overstrain by 
too frequent nursing. 

There are times when the breast milk is de- 
ficient in quantity. At such times we should 
always make use of what little breast milk is 
present and supply the deficiency by giving the 
bottle. 

WATER 

Every child, young or old, must receive 
water several times a day. It will aid ma- 
terially in clearing the mouth and gums and 
in quenching thirst. An infant up to the first 
month should receive several teaspoon fuls of 
plain filtered water either immediately after 
nursing or feeding, or as soon after feeding 
as possible. It is not necessary to awaken the 
child in order to give it a drink. If it is not 
time for feeding and the infant is restless, a 
few spoonfuls of cool water will frequently 
quiet it. When we desire to modify constipa- 
tion, then water will be a most important 
factor, especially so when large, cheesy curds 
are found in the stool. 

The average child of eighteen months should 

• See Feeding Schedule, page 57. 



NATURAL METHOD OF FEEDING 55 

take between sixteen and twenty-four ounces 
of water in twenty-four hours. In warm 
•weather when the child perspires freely more 
will be necessary. Sips of water may be taken 
with the meals, but the best time to drink 
water is after meals, or between meals, not 
immediately before or when beginning a meal 
when it will interfere with digestion. 



CHAPTER II 
BREAST FEEDING— WET NURSING 



T 



IHE first three or four days after birth 
require special feeding methods : 
The first substance secreted in the breasts 
is known as colostrum. This is thinner than 
milk and very scant. The exhaustion of the 
mother requires long intervals of rest, there- 
fore she should not be disturbed more than 
once in six hours during the lirst three days 
to nurse her baby. If, however, the supply of 
milk is ample then we can follow the table on 
page 57 and feed the baby every three to four 
hours. 
interval During the first month the baby should be 

During f ec j every three hours during the day, never 

oftener; and during the second month the 
same interval should be maintained. The 
baby may be taken from his sleep during the 
day to be nursed, 
interval £) not disturb the baby from his sleep at 

During 

Night night to be nursed. Let him rest as long as 

56 



BREAST FEEDING WET NURSING 



57 



From Birth 

to 3 
Months old. 


3 to 8 Months 


8 Months Until 


Old.* 


1 Year Old. 


6 a.m. 


6 a.m. 


6 a.m.- 


9 a.m. 


9:30 a.m. 


10 a.m. 


12 Noon 


1 P.M. 


2 p.m. 


3 p.m. 


4:30 p.m. 


6 p.m. 


6 p.m. 


8 p.m. 


10 p.m. 


9 p.m. 


12 Midnight. 




12 Midnight. 







he appears satisfied. This applies to healthy 
infants only. In sickness special feeding- rules 
are required. If the baby thrives and gains in 
weight, it is better for both mother and baby 
to have an interval of rest and skip a nursing 
or two after midnight. If the baby is restless 
during this interval, change his position and 
give him one or two teaspoonfuls of water. 

The mother or wet-nurse should always sit How to 
upright while nursing the baby, be it night or B°iyw e hi!e 
during the day. If the baby is nursing from Nursing 
the left breast, he should be held on the left ^at'o'"" 8 " 
arm while the right hand presses the breast Frontis- 
away from the baby's nose, but without pull- piece) 
ing the nipple from his mouth. This will give 

* The breast-fed infant requires the same addition of 
fruit and vegetable juices as are given to the bottle-fed in- 
fant. (See pages 92 and 93.) 



58 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

him plenty of air to breathe so that he must 
not let go of the nipple to breathe. When there 
is nasal obstruction such as catarrh, or when 
post-nasal obstruction exists, such as adenoids, 
then an infant will let go of the nipple in order 
to draw a breath. 
Length of No infant should nurse longer than twenty 

^ursing minutes, whereas frequently ten or fifteen 
minutes will suffice. Do not allow the baby 
to fall asleep while nursing. If this is allowed 
he will not get all the nourishment he should 
have. Light taps on the cheek of the baby 
will waken him, or the withdrawal of the 
nipple from his mouth will frequently arouse 
him to continue nursing. If, however, he will 
not renew his nursing, and has already nursed 
ten minutes, then the sleep should not be 
disturbed. 

Do not allow him to take his meal too rap- 
idly as he is liable to have an attack of hiccup 
or to regurgitate his food. If the baby nurses 
too rapidly withdraw the nipple from his 
mouth for a few seconds. This may be done 
every three or four minutes. 

As a rule the baby should nurse from but 

one breast at each meal ; if, however, there is 

not enough milk in one breast, then both 

breasts may be given. 

Wet All American mothers can not nurse their 

Nursing infants. A sick mother, a tuberculous mother, 



BREAST FEEDING — WET NURSING 59 

or a very nervous mother is frequently pre- 
vented from nursing her baby through her 
systematic weakness. In some instances human 
milk may be necessary to save the life of a 
weak infant or one that has been improperly 
managed. A wet-nurse can be secured and it 
is in many cases a life-saving substitute. A 
wet-nurse should never be selected without 
the supervision of a physician. Her blood 
must always be tested for syphilis before per- 
mitting the baby at her breast. Likewise, the 
wet-nurse should be protected from contract- 
ing syphilis; so that the baby to be wet- 
nursed * should have its blood examined for 
syphilis. The large majority of American 
mothers resort to the usual method of artificial 
feeding by using cows' milk adapted for the 
age and requirements of the infant's digestion. 

A nursing woman should have three meals Diet ? f a 
a day. These meals should be simple but woman 
nutritious and mostly liquid. Meat should be 
taken only once a day. Milk, eggs, cereals, 
vegetables, and soups should form the princi- 
pal part of the diet. Vegetables should be 
taken twice a day. The following are best for 
the nursing woman : Peas, beans, baked potato, 
beets and beet greens, carrots, fresh stewed 



* This is a requirement of the New York Board of Health. 
In this manner we protect both the infant to be nursed and 
the wet-nurse herself. 



6o 



THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Scanty 
Milk 



Foods 
Prohibited 



Menstrua- 
tion 



corn and spinach. The spinach may be 
creamed or combined with egg. All varieties 
of fish are nutritious, — creamed halibut, 
creamed cod fish, fresh mackerel, bluefish or 
flounder. For thirst, cool, filtered water or 
alkaline waters, like seltzer or apollinaris, 
should be taken. 

If the milk is scanty, the flow can be stimu- 
lated by drinking a cup of hot broth, weak tea, 
cocoa, milk or gruel several minutes before 
putting baby to the breast. Foods to be 
avoided by a nursing zvoman, are: Onions, gar- 
lic, cabbage, ethereal oils and sour fruits. 

The return of menstruation is no contra- 
indication to the continuation of nursing. In 
nearly all cases the quality of milk will be 
affected to such a degree as to cause slight dis- 
turbance of digestion, such as restlessness or 
colic, or some bowel derangement. If the 
baby continues to gain in weight nursing may 
be continued. If there is too much disturb- 
ance, diluted cows' milk should be given dur- 
ing the first two or three days of menstruation. 



SUBSTITUTE FEEDING WHEN MOTHER 
IS OUT OR ASLEEP 

When a nursing mother has lost consider- 
able sleep and is physically exhausted we can 
not expect a good milk supply. Under such 
circumstances the physician should be con- 



BREAST FEEDING WET NURSING 6l 

suited to give the baby a substitute feeding, 
so that the mother can have a few nights of 
sleep. The following formula is adapted as a 
substitute feeding for an infant less than one 
month old : 

Evaporated milk (Peerless brand) 

1 teaspoon 

Hot water 2y 2 ounces 

Granulated sugar J^ teaspoon 

Dissolve the cream and sugar in the hot 
water. Heat to feeding temperature, but do 
not steam nor boil it. Feed the above quantity 
every four hours during the night to relieve 
the mother of the nursing strain. 



CHAPTER III 
WEANING 

BY weaning a breast-fed baby we mean 
gradually taking from him the breast milk 
by which he has been nourished since birth, 
and giving him cows' milk and other forms of 
nourishment. 

By weaning a bottle-fed baby we mean 
gradually substituting for all cows' milk other 
nourishment such as raw eggs, soups, vege- 
tables, fruits, and gruels. 

A normal baby is usually weaned between 
the eighth and tenth months. In some in- 
stances it is advisable to begin earlier, for 
example, when there is a deficiency in the 
quantity of breast milk owing to the ill health 
of the mother. Sometimes there are reasons 
why the baby should be nursed twelve months 
and longer so that it must always be left to 
the judgment of the physician when the baby 
should be weaned. 

My rule has been not to wean during the 
summer months, altho it is imperative to 

62 



WEANING 63 

do so if the infant's mother become pregnant. 
Weaning should not be attempted suddenly. 
It is better to commence with the breast in the 
morning and substitute a bottle for the next 
feeding. Following this meal we can again 
nurse the baby at the breast and substitute a 
bottle for its fourth meal. 

6:00a.m Breast. 

8:30a.m Juice of a small orange. 

10 :00 a.m Arrowroot pap* 

J / 2 bottle feeding.f 

1:30 p.m Breast. 

5 :30 p.m Feed by spoon one piece crusht 

zwieback moistened with 3 
ounces of the bottle formula. 
Then give remainder of bot- 
tle formula. 
10:00 to 11:00 p.m Breast or bottle. 

If the above formula constipates, substitute 
oatmeal gruel for the arrowroot. 

Six teaspoons of spinach juice are to be 
given at 5 :oo p.m. If this agrees, after sev- 
eral weeks try strained spinach pulp instead of 
the spinach juice. 

At the age of one year, a slice of toasted 
wholewheat bread, dipt into chicken broth 
or steak juice, may be given at noon. 

One-half of a baked mealy potato may be 
given once or twice a week, instead of the 
arrowroot at 10:00 a.m. 

* See Dietary. 

f See formula for six months old infant, page 92. 



64 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

Caution must be taken in making this change 
of diet, as the slightest error in over-feeding 
or too frequent feeding will be followed by 
a severe attack of dyspepsia and the usual gas- 
tric disturbances, such as diarrhea and colic. 

If baby has been taught from birth to drink 
water from a bottle there should be no trouble 
while weaning him in having him drink his 
milk from the bottle. If it is impossible to 
make him drink from a bottle feed him from 
a spoon or let him drink from a cup. Some 
babies learn to drink from a cup when six or 
seven months old. It is better to have a 
strange nurse feed baby while weaning him 
and keep the mother or wet nurse away so 
he can not see the breast and be reminded of 
the breast feeding. 



CHAPTER IV 
MIXED FEEDING 

WHEN the breast-milk is of good quality, 
but the quantity is deficient, and the 
baby does not thrive and seems to cry from 
hunger, it is necessary to give him some addi- 
tional food. This is usually done by giving 
baby alternate feedings of breast-milk and 
cows' milk. 

The mother or wet-nurse should try to im- 
prove both quality and quantity of her breast- 
milk by building up her general condition. 
Frequently a subnormal or anemic condition Breast 
requires an iron tonic. In other cases a day's C Q WS f " 
outing to the country or seashore, with mode- Milk 
rate exercise will stimulate the flow of milk. 

As cows' milk is more difficult to digest than 
breast-milk, it must be given well diluted; 
therefore, give the baby the amount in the 
formula provided for a baby who is one month 
younger. For example: If the baby is four 
months old when you start the mixed feeding, 
give him of the formula of cows' milk that a 
baby three months old would receive and 
gradually increase until the formula for a baby 
of his age is given. 

65 



Milk 



CHAPTER V 

ARTIFICIAL FEEDING 

COWS' MILK 
certified T N New York and the larger cities the best 
A cows' milk for infant feeding is sold, in 
quart bottles, under the name of certified, or 
guaranteed, milk. This certified milk is as 
near perfection as is possible to-day. Grade 
A milk also is sold in quart bottles, in the 
larger cities. When Grade A milk is used, or 
when milk is procured from a farm or in the 
country, and is not certified or supervised by 
a Health Commission, then it is best to boil 
the milk when preparing the formula. Uncer- 
tified milk should never be fed in its raw state 
owing to the danger of disease germs, espe- 
cially bovine tuberculosis. Boiling the milk 
removes such danger. 

In summer milk should never be used for 
infant feeding after it is twenty-four hours 
old. Even within this length of time, on very 
hot days, milk will frequently sour. When 
milk is procured direct from the dairy or farm 
it should immediately be cooled and kept in 
cold water, at least one hour before the 
formula is made up. 

66 



ARTIFICIAL FEEDING 67 

Milk varies in its percentage of cream. The Do Not use 
average milk contains between 3^ and 4 per 0l !^ e c ^ m 
cent, of cream, or fat. If milk is procured in 
the country, or on the farm, we must try to 
procure a mixed milk, that is, milk taken from 
several cows, rather than milk from one cow. 
Milk from one cow varies much more in cream 
than that taken from a herd. The Jersey and 
Alderney cows have the richest milk ; therefore 
their milk contains much more fat than that 
from the ordinary cow. 

When preparing the formula, milk must be WhoIe 
well shaken to mix the cream with the milk. 
Diluted whole milk feedings are adapted for 
the normal, and the average infant up to about 
six months of age. If the infant is strong, has 
good digestion, and can assimilate more fat or 
cream, then extra cream or top milk may be 
added. 

Milk for the baby's feeding should be kept 
near the ice in a separate compartment of the 
refrigerator, or better still a nursery refriger- 
ator, in which nothing but baby's food is kept, 
should be used. 

HOW TO OBTAIN TOP AND FAT-FREE 
OR SKIMMED MILK 

Let a quart of milk stand 4 or 5 hours (or 
until the cream line is well defined), and then 
proceed as follows : 



68 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

TOP MILK 

7 Per Cent. Top Milk: Pour off the top half 
(16 ounces). This contains about 7 per cent, 
fat. 

5 Per Cent. Top Milk: Pour off the top 
three-quarters (24 oz.). This contains about 
5 per cent. fat. 

FAT -FREE OR SKIMMED MILK 
1 Per Cent Fat (Skimmed Milk) : Pour off 
the top half (16 oz.) and reject this. The 
remaining 16 ounces contains about 1 per cent 
fat. 

MILK FOR HOME MODIFICATION 

Fresh raw milk is best adapted for home 
modification, but— it must be fresh. It is im- 
portant, therefore, to inquire how long it takes 
to deliver the milk from the dairy to the house. 
In the larger cities it frequently takes several 
days before it reaches the consumer. Certified 
milk is frequently twenty-four to thirty-six 
hours old when delivered. 
Pasteurized Pasteurization of milk is a makeshift. The 
milk is pasteurized because it contains too 
many germs, and these germs are destroyed by 
the pasteurizing process. The chemical nature 
of the milk is changed by this prolonged steam- 
ing, hence, pasteurization of milk does not aid 
the digestibility of the food. If pasteurized 
milk is fed for a short time it may do no harm. 



Milk 



ARTIFICIAL FEEDING 69 

If, however, pasteurized milk feeding is con- 
tinued for months symptoms of rickets fre- 
quently are manifested. When pasteurized 
milk is fed for many months and we do not 
supply the vitamine or live factor, which is 
destroyed by the prolonged heating, now and 
then scurvy will develop. To avoid the same 
when using pasteurized milk one must give 
from 3 to 6 teaspoonfuls of orange juice, even 
tho the infant is only one month old. Older 
infants require in addition to orange juice, the 
juice of fresh boiled vegetables such as spin- 
ach, from 3 to 6 teaspoonfuls daily. 

SUGAR 

There are three kinds of sugar used in infant 
feeding : 

1st. Milk Sugar called Lactose. 

2d. Cane Sugar called Granulated Sugar or 
Sucrose. 

3d. Malt Sugar called Maltose. 

When constipation exists then milk sugar, 
or malt sugar should be used. Milk sugar may 
cause loose bowels when fed for a long time. 
Infants gain in weight when malt sugar or 
the malt preparations are given. There are 
several good malt preparations on the market : 
in powder form the Mead's Dextri-maltose 
No. 1 ; in liquid form Borchardt's malt soup 
extract, or the neutral maltose made by the 



70 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

Maltzyme Co., of Brooklyn. If infants vomit 
then maltose should be replaced by either milk 
sugar or cane sugar. 

Sugar is not only used for sweetening food, 
but is a very essential element in the growth 
of the body. The young infant therefore, re- 
quires a large quantity of sugar. Sugar exists 
in* the human milk in a larger quantity than 
all other solids combined. 

The healthy infant can digest maltose or 
malt sugar, i teaspoon to each feeding, or 
from 6 to 7 teaspoon fuls in the daily quantity 
of food prepared. When constipation exists 
milk sugar will sometimes be more serviceable 
altho it is more expensive. 

If an infant is backward and we desire to 
increase its weight and regulate its bowels, the 
addition of I teaspoon of Mellin's food dis- 
solved in the warm milk is nutritious and 
laxative. 



CHAPTER VI 

HYGIENIC SUGGESTIONS IN 
BOTTLE FEEDING 

THE following utensils are required for the utensils 
modification of milk at home: A two- equ ' r 
quart pitcher; funnel (glass or porcelain); 
one large spoon; one dozen 4-ounce bottles, 
(later 8-ounce bottles) ; one dozen antncolic 
nipples; one box non-absorbent cotton; one 
large saucepan (for heating milk) ; one high 
saucepan (for warming bottles before feed- 
ing) ; one dairy, or pasteurizing thermometer. 

The long, round feeding-bottle is the best %£*!!!? 
of all feeding-bottles. It is smooth on the 
inside, has no corners or angles, and can be 
easily cleaned. On the outside the graduated 
ounces are marked. 

As soon as baby has emptied the bottle itcareofthe 
should be cleaned with a bottle brush in clear ^p^ 3 ^ 
hot water, then filled with fresh water and 
set aside. In the morning before the day's 
food is prepared all the bottles should be 
boiled in a solution of baking soda and water, 
two teaspoonfuls of soda to one quart of 

71 



72 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

water. The bottles should then be rinsed 
thoroughly in clear boiled water. 

The nipples should be boiled in water 

for one minute. When not in use they should 

be wrapt in dry sterile cheese-cloth and 

placed in a covered jar. 

how to When the source of the milk is unknown 

Heat Milk ^ we ^ ^ fam jjj ar w - lt ^ dairy methods, 

the safest plan is to heat the milk in a double 
boiler until the steam rises, and continue heat- 
ing at this same temperature for fifteen min- 
utes. We can also subject the milk to the 
steaming process by using a pasteurizer and 
steaming the milk about fifteen minutes. Milk 
should never be sterilized or boiled, except 
while traveling. 
Evils of The first evil result noticed while using 

sterilization steri i ized m nk is that children so fed are con- 
stipated. Prolonged use of sterilized milk re- 
sults in rickets. There are many cases of 
scurvy that can be traced to a long-continued 
use of sterilized milk. 

BOILED MILK 
In boiling milk the cream or curd is so 
altered that it induces constipation. There 
are times, however, when milk is procured 
from unknown dairies and can not be regarded 
as safe. Under such conditions it may be nec- 
essary to boil the same. To offset the con- 



BOILED MILK 73 

stipation, maltose in i or 2 teaspoonful doses 
should be added to each feeding. If constipa- 
tion persists, then milk of magnesia in 1 tea- 
spoonful doses may be necessary morning 
and evening, to overcome this condition. 

Boiled milk should not be fed for any length 
of time. If for any reason we use boiled milk 
in infant feeding, then we must feed fruit 
juices such as orange and pineapple, or vege- 
table juice such as spinach to overcome the 
development of scurvy. These additions to 
the diet may be begun as early as the second 
or third month. 

CONSTIPATION DUE TO BOILED MILK 

Boiling the milk or subjecting it to prolonged 
steaming as in the process of pasteurization, 
induces constipation. Lime water has a con- 
stipating tendency. To relieve constipation 
milk sugar in doses of one-half to one level 
teaspoon may be added to each feeding. Milk 
should be warmed, not steamed or boiled if 
the infant is constipated. A teaspoonful of 
Mellin's food dissolved in raw warmed milk 
frequently relieves constipation. Mellin's food 
contains maltose and this has a laxative 
tendency. 

If we are using milk from an unknown dairy 
and are compelled to steam or boil the milk 
then one teaspoon of milk sugar or one to two 



74 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

teaspoonfuls of Mellin's food should be added 
to each feeding. It may be necessary to add 
a teaspoonful of milk of magnesia to the 
evening bottle, to aid the bowels. Horlick's 
malted milk from 2 to 3 teaspoonfuls dis- 
solved in 6 ounces of hot water, and given 
every evening has a laxative tendency. If this 
is not sufficient 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls may be 
added to each bottle feeding to aid the bowel 
movements. The addition of 1 teaspoon of 
cream to the morning and evening feeding is 
useful in many cases. 



CHAPTER VII 
FEEDING RULES 

EACH baby is a law unto itself, and its 
individual wants must be studied. One 
baby will gain on the same mixture on which 
another will lose weight. The proof of the 
proper assimilation of food in any and every 
infant will be the following: An infant must 
appear satisfied after taking its bottle. There 
should be no vomiting or severe colicky pains. 
The bowels must move (unaided) at least once 
or twice in every twenty-four hours. The 
stools should be yellowish-white, and medium 
soft. The infant should sleep from four to 
eight hours during the night without awaken- 
ing. 

The weight must be taken regularly once a weight 
week. If an infant thrives it should gain from '"crease 
four to eight ounces every week, until the sixth 
month after which time it should gain from 
two to four ounces each week. If the weight 
shows no increase by all means consult your 
physician that he may give more substantial 
food. 

75 



j6 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

HOME PREPARATION OF INFANT FOOD 

A child in good health, with excellent diges- 
tion, and normal stools, may be fed on milk 
diluted with barley water. If a tendency to 
constipation exists then oatmeal water instead 
of barley water should be used. My plan has 
been to order the milk diluted with barley 
water on one day, and oatmeal water on the 
following day. In summer if a tendency to 
loose bowels is noted, then milk diluted with 
rice or barley water should be fed. 
stomach No set rule can be given for all infants. 

Capacity _ . , ° , 

Each infant s requirements must be studied. 
The size of the stomach varies in infants. The 
stomach capacity of one infant may be six 
ounces at the age of two months, while an- 
other equally healthy infant will have a capac- 
ity of and be satisfied with four ounces at one 
feeding. These individual peculiarities must 
be taken into consideration when estimating 
the quantity of food for each meal. 

We can not feed all infants at the same in- 
tervals. What applies to the quantity applies 
also to the frequency of feeding. One infant 
will thrive on a meal every three hours, an- 
other infant requires a feeding every two 
hours. Here again it is necessary to study the 
individual requirement, and be guided by the 
amount of rest, by the stool, and by the gain 



FEEDING RULES J? 

in weight. The tendency of the mother is to 
overfeed, which is harmful. 

An infant weighing ten pounds requires 
about 15 ounces of milk in twenty-four hours. 
An infant of fourteen pounds requires 21 
ounces per day. About one ounce of sugar is 
required per day. Special appetites require 
special amounts. 



CHAPTER VIII 
FEEDING A DYSPEPTIC BABY 

IF the baby's stool contains curds or green- 
ish masses and if the baby is restless at 
night and colicky by day, then the following 
feeding will be advisable : Take of raw milk, 4 
ounces ; barley water, 4 ounces, and peptogenic 
milk powder, Yz measure. Heat slowly with 
constant stirring until it comes to a boil. 

If after three days in spite of this pepto- 
nizing milk powder being added, curds are 
still seen in the stool, then stop milk feeding 
and give : barley water, 4 ounces ; lime water, 
1 teaspoonful; Dextri-maltose, 1 teaspoonful; 
white of one raw egg. Feed every three or 
four hours. In preparing this formula dis- 
solve the maltose in the barley water and add 
the lime water. At feeding time warm the 
bottle and add the white of one raw egg and 
mix by shaking the bottle. 

If persistent vomiting and green stools are 
present, then use from 4 to 6 ounces of sweet- 
ened barley. If the bowels are loose as in 

78 



FEEDING A DYSPEPTIC BABY 79 

summer complaint, and the stools are watery, 
give 1 teaspoonful of top milk to a teacupful 
of barley water, boil five minutes and feed 
when lukewarm. 

If diarrhea continues in spite of the above 
method of feeding, then give of barley water, 
6 ounces ; lime water, I teasponful ; baked flour 
(see page 109), i teaspoonful; maltose, 1 tea- 
spoonful. Feed every 4 hours. Mix flour and 
sugar with the barley water, add lime water, 
boil five minutes and feed when lukewarm. 

When vomiting persists it is advisable to 
give the stomach absolute rest and still give 
enough food to sustain life. 



CHAPTER IX 

FEEDING DURING DIARRHEAL 
PERIOD 

WHEN mucus continues to be present and 
the stools are thin, then milk in every 
form must be stopt. It is in this class of 
cases that even whey will not be tolerated. 
This form of diarrhea usually occurs in sum- 
mer when milk has undergone fermentative 
changes due to the presence of bacteria. As 
a temporary substitute feeding, intending to 
correct looseness, I advise the following: Nes- 
tle's food, i teaspoonful; rice water, 3 ounces. 

Rub up the Nestle's food powder with a 
little cold water, add the rice water and heat 
slowly until it comes to a boil. Do not add 
sugar or lime-water. The above quantity can 
be fed every three hours to a baby up to three 
months of age. 

For a child 3 to 6 months of age give every 
ZV2 hours: Nestle's food, i l / 2 teaspoon fuls; 
rice water, 5 ounces. For an infant 6 to 9 
months of age give every 4 hours: Nestle's 
food, 2 teaspoon fuls ; rice water, 7 ounces. 
So 



FEEDING DURING DIARRHEAL PERIOD 8 1 

If this form of feeding is carefully prepared 
and the utensils are properly cleaned, then we 
must adhere to a proper feeding interval. An 
infant with loose bowels should be fed once 
in three hours and fed very slowly. Unless 
we adhere to the proper feeding interval and 
give the infant an interval of rest, we can ex- 
cite diarrhea by too frequent feeding. A sym- 
pathetic mother will frequently indulge her 
baby and feed too frequently, thus stimulating 
the bowels by too much liquid food. For an 
infant 6 months old the addition of I tea- 
spoonful of Mellin's food to 4 ounces of milk 
and 4 ounces of barley water boiled three 
minutes, has served me very well to correct a 
tendency to very thin stools. 

To correct loose, foul-smelling stools con- 
taining mucus give a teaspoonf ul of castor oil ; 
two hours later begin feedings of four to six 
ounces of skimmed milk, without sugar. To 
make skimmed milk place a quart bottle of 
milk in a refrigerator for three hours, then 
skim of! the cream; the remainder, which is 
the skimmed milk, is to be used. 



CHAPTER X 

SUBSTITUTE FOODS 

FAT-FREE MILK, ALSO KNOWN AS 
SKIMMED MILK 

DURING fever or when vomiting occurs, 
fat-free milk should be used. During 
fever the stomach can not digest whole milk. 
When the stomach is weakened or inflamed, its 
digestive power is lessened; hence, fat-free or 
skimmed milk should be given. Skimmed milk 
is made by removing all the cream which 
arises to the top of the milk after it has stood 
on the ice three to four hours. The remainder 
is known as skimmed milk. It should be made 
from fresh milk daily, however. When this 
is impossible, as when traveling, it can be 
bought prepared, in tins.* 

Curds when present in the stool of an in- 
fant, if small and round and lentil-shaped are 
known as fat curds. They are as a rule 
caused by "fat indigestion" due to the formula 
containing too much cream or fat. Other 
curds very large and coarse are usually saponi- 

• Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York. 
82 



SUBSTITUTE FOODS 83 

fied fat, or casein or cheese curds. If im- 
provement is not noted and curds continue to 
appear in the stool, then a complete change of 
food must be made. 

There may be rare instances in which an 
infant can not digest milk. We speak of this 
as a "milk idiosyncrasy." When such is the 
case stop all milk and substitute barley water 
to which the white of a raw egg and a pinch 
of salt is added. This feeding may be repeated 
every four hours and continued for one week, 
after which we can try diluted milk with pep- 
togenic powder added. 

PEPTOGENIC MILK 

To an eight-ounce bottle of raw milk slowly 
add with constant stirring, one-half measure 
(screw-cap) of peptogenic powder, heat slowly 
for ten minutes over a small flame or to a tem- 
perature of 1 1 5 F. ; then cool to feeding 
temperature. A more rapid method and one 
preferred by me is as follows: Take of raw 
milk, 2 ounces ; hot water, 2 ounces ; pepto- 
genic milk powder, J4 measure. Dissolve the 
peptogenic powder in the hot water, add the 
raw milk, heat to feeding temperature and 
feed. By this process each bottle is prepared 
separately. The milk does not acquire a bitter 
taste and the curd is partially digested, which 



84 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

is a decided advantage for the weak stomach 
of an infant. 

CONDENSED MILK 
Condensed milk sweetened with cane sugar 
is sold in tins, under the name of Borden's 
Eagle Brand. It may be used as a substitute 
food for a short period when there is vomiting 
or fever. For an infant of three months, dis- 
solve 2 level tablespoonfuls of condensed milk 
in 12 ounces of hot water and divide into three 
feedings of 4 ounces each. Feed every three 
hours. This may be increased by adding 1 tea- 
spoon of condensed milk and Yz ounce water 
every 7 to 10 days for 1 month. From 4 to 6 
teaspoonfuls of orange juice or vegetable juice 
should be given once daily. 

EVAPORATED MILK 

Evaporated milk is sold fresh daily, in bulk. 
The Peerless Brand, sold in tins, is an excel- 
lent substitute food. 

When evaporated milk is used malt sugar 
or cane sugar as well as water must be added. 
This evaporated milk is adapted for infants 
with weak digestion. It is especially useful 
during periods of fever. It is useful in sum- 
mer for delicate infants as it is more easily 
digested than the regular milk. When infants 
vomit on their usual milk formula, they will 
retain evaporated milk diluted with water. 



SUBSTITUTE FOODS 85 

For an infant of three months, 2 level table- 
spoonfuls of evaporated milk should be mixed 
with 12 ounces of water and 1 tablespoon of 
malt sugar or granulated sugar. This is to be 
steamed five minutes and divided into three 
feedings of 4 ounces each. Feed every three 
hours. If there is a tendency to looseness of 
the bowels then barley or rice water may be 
used instead of the plain water. If this form- 
ula agrees we may add 1 level teaspoonful of 
the evaporated milk and another half-ounce of 
water to the above formula every seven to 
ten days for one month. When using evapo- 
rated milk feedings, orange juice and fresh 
vegetable juices must be given. These should 
be ordered by the physician. 

DRIED MILK 
Mammala. Honor Brand 

Dried milk is sold in powder form under the 
name of Mammala. It is made from fresh 
whole milk by rapid evaporation of the water. 
It is prepared with the addition of milk sugar 
and is convenient because it is a powder to be 
dissolved in warm water, and is then ready 
for feeding. 

Another dry milk is sold in tins under the 
name of Honor Brand. This is a certified 
milk evaporated by heat, and contains milk 
sugar. It is an excellent substitute for cows' 



86 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

milk and is prepared by adding a tablespoon 
or more to each ounce of water. To make a 
4 ounce feeding add 4 level tablespoonfuls to 
4 ounces of warm water and it is ready for 
feeding. 



CHAPTER XI 
PROPRIETARY INFANT FOODS 

THE market is filled with a large number 
of patent infant foods. This proves that 
there is a demand for something in addition 
to methods of feeding in vogue at the present 
day. Physicians as a rule condemn the use of 
these foods and chiefly for the following 
reasons : 

First. Because the laity, except in rare in- 
stances, are not competent to feed an infant 
by following directions on the label of a box 
of food. No shoe is made that will fit every 
baby's foot, and no infant food made will 
agree with and be properly assimilated and 
digested by every baby. It is a well-known 
fact that individualism is more demanded in 
infant feeding than in any other method of 
treatment. The digestive functions are totally 
different in various individuals, and so it must 
be left for the intelligent physician to note 
the size of the body to be fed, study the in- 
fant's wants, note the condition of his digestive 

87 



88 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

apparatus and, last but not least, the stool 
must be properly examined. Then and not 
until then can any one prescribe the kind of 
food, the amount of food and the feeding in- 
terval demanded. 

Second. No greater mistake is made than 
to suppose that because an infant has gained a 
few ounces and is gaining continuously, he is 
in absolute good health. When a large amount 
of starch or transformed starch, such as dex- 
trinized starch, is fed to an infant, or when 
large quantities of sugar are given, there is 
usually a notable increase in weight. Bone 
and muscle, which are formed chiefly by the 
protein element of food, can not be replaced 
by the carbohydrate or fat-forming substances. 
The ambition of many mothers and nurses is 
to display with pride a big, fat baby and show 
large gains in weight. To accomplish this, 
frequently proprietary foods have been added 
in very large amounts, thus overtaxing the 
digestive apparatus and ending in dyspeptic or 
enlarged stomachs. 
Advantages Having pictured the dangers, it is but fair to 
of Proprie- state t k at there are very many virtues in these 

tary Foods . * . , 

proprietary foods. I advise the use of many 
of these foods in infants six months old or 
older, especially for those requiring additional 
food during the period of dentition. To the 
formula of milk and barley water previously 



PROPRIETARY INFANT FOODS 89 

given, add one teaspoonful or more of Mellin's 
food or malt soup to each feeding. When a 
tendency to constipation exists Mellen's food 
or malted milk are especially indicated. Hor- 
lick's food is a food which, like Nestle's food, 
requires no milk, but only the addition of 
water. If milk is overheated, as it is when 
subjected to sterilization or prolonged pasteur- 
ization, then a decided constipating tendency 
usually results. To prevent constipation by 
using these foods, milk or diluted milk should 
be simply warmed. When milk is boiled, con- 
stipation, due to the altered condition of the 
casein (curd), results. 



CHAPTER XII 

DIETARY 

DIET FOR NEW-BORN INFANTS DURING THE 

FIRST FOUR WEEKS OF LIFE. (After Julius 

Hess) Milk — Cane (Granulated) sugar — Water 



,-i n in t^T3 ~ T3 r-t "O «o ■* 

Milk (whole) ounces 2 3 4 6 8 

Milk (skim) ounces 6 8 6 5 4 2 

Sugar (cane) drachms 11112 345 

Water (boiled) ounces 16 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 

Feedings: 

Amount in ounces 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.5-2 2 2 2.5 

Number daily 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 

Interval in hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

Mix and divide into required number of bottles. 
Hours of feeding: 6 — 9 — 12 — 3 — 6 — 10 — 2. 

DIET FROM BIRTH TO ONE YEAR 
Milk — Dextri-Maltose — Barley Water 

At Birth 

Fresh raw milk 2 ounces 

Barley water* 16 ounces 

Dextri-maltoset 3 teaspoons:}: 

Dissolve the maltose in the hot barley- 
water, add the milk and divide into 8 bottles 
of ZYz ounces each. Feed every three hours. 

* For making barley water see page 106. 

t Mead's Dextri-maltose No. 1. 

t Rounded teaspoons. If cane (granulated) sugar is or- 
dered, measure level teaspoons. To measure a level teaspoon 
fill the spoon and scrape off the top with a knife, leaving it 
exactly level full. It takes two teaspoons measured in this 
way to equal one rounded teaspoon. 

00 



DIETARY 91 

Gradually increase to : 

Ten Days 

Fresh raw milk 4 ounces 

Barley water 16 ounces 

Dextri-maltose 4 teaspoons 

Divide into 8 bottles of 2^< ounces each. 
Feed every three hours. 

Gradually increase to : 

One Month 

Fresh raw milk 7 ounces 

Barley water 20 ounces 

Dextri-maltose 5 teaspoons 

Divide into 7 bottles of 4 ounces each. 
Feed every three hours. 

If the above formula disagrees and there is 
vomiting, colic, or curded and slimy stools, 
give a teaspoonful of castor oil, and try the 
following formula: 

Evaporated milk (Peerless Brand) 

2 level teaspoons 

Hot water 6 ounces 

Granulated sugar 2 level teaspoons 

Divide into 2 bottles, feed every three 
hours. Use three days and if improved, re- 
turn to cows' milk formula. 

Gradually increase to : 

Two Months 

Fresh raw milk 10 ounces 

Barley water 19 ounces 

Dextri-maltose 6 teaspoons 

Divide into 5 bottles of 5 ounces each. 
Feed every three and one-half to four hours. 



92 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

At three months additional foods may be 
given as per following schedule: 
6 a.m. Bottle. 

9 a.m. 1 teaspoon fresh orange or pine- 
apple juice. 
10 a.m. Bottle. 
2 p.m. Bottle. 

5 p.m. 1 teaspoon vegetable juice (cooked 

spinach, celery, carrots, etc.). 

6 p.m. Bottle 
10 p.m. Bottle. 

2 a.m. Bottle. 

Gradually increase to: 

Four Months 

Fresh raw milk 15 ounces 

Barley water 14 ounces 

Dextri-maltose 9 teaspoons 

Divide into 5 bottles of 6 ounces each. 
Feed every four hours. 

At four months may have two teaspoons of 
fruit juice at 9 a.m. and 2 teaspoons of vege- 
table juice at 5 p.m. 

At five montlis may have 3 teaspoons of 
fruit juice at 9 a.m. and 3 teaspoons of vege- 
table juice at 5 p.m. 

Gradually increase to : 

Six Months 

Fresh raw milk 26 ounces 

Boiled water 12 ounces 

Dextri-maltose 12 teaspoons 

Divide into 5 bottles of 7]/ 2 ounces each. 
Feed every four hours. 





DIETARY 


6 A.M. 


Bottle. 


9 A.M. 


4 teaspoons fruit juice. 


A.M. 


Bottle to which is added */s yolk of 




a hard-cooked egg. 


2 P.M. 


Bottle and 2 rounded teaspoons of 




crusht zwieback. 


5 P.M. 


4 teaspoons vegetable pulp. 


6 P.M. 


Bottle. 


P.M. 


Bottle. 



93 



At seven months may have 5 teaspoons of 
fruit juice at 9 a.m., 5 teaspoons of vegetable 
pulp at 5 p.m., Y 3 the yolk of a hard-cooked 
egg at 10 a.m., 2 rounded teaspoons of crushed 
zwieback at 2 p.m., and with the 6 p.m. bottle 
may have 6 level teaspoons of boiled farina 
or arrowroot pudding. 

Gradually increase to : 

Nine Months 

Fresh raw milk 32 ounces 

Boiled water 4 ounces 

Dextri-maltose 12 teaspoons 

Divide into 4 bottles of 9 ounces each. 
Feed every four hours. 

At nine months may have 6 teaspoons fruit 
juice at 9 a.m. One-half the yolk of a hard- 
cooked egg at 10 a.m., 4 teaspoons of crusht 



94 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

zwieback at 2 p.m., 6 teaspoons of vegetable 
pulp at 5 p.m., and 8 teaspoons of farina or 
arrowroot with the 6 p.m. bottle. 

At one year may have 1 ounce fruit juice at 
9 a.m., the yolk of a hard-cooked egg at 10 
a.m., 4 teaspoons crusht zwieback at 2 p.m., 
and 8 teaspoons of farina or arrowroot at 
6 p.m. 



TOP-MILK FEEDING 

When infants do not gain in weight and 
have a tendency to constipation, then top milk 
feeding may be tried. Frequently they can as- 
similate cream equally as well as normal in- 
fants can assimilate whole milk. If vomiting 
or belching follows the use of top milk then 
stop the same and give the whole milk formula 
adapted to the infant's age. 

In using top milk for infant feeding the milk 
is allowed to stand in a quart bottle at a tem- 
perature of 45 to 50 F. for the same length 
of time as when gravity cream is desired — 
five hours — when the quantity needed is re- 
moved from the top of the bottle with a Chapin 
dipper and diluted with water to which maltose 
is added. 

From a quart bottle of pasteurized milk on 
which the cream has risen, dip from the top 



DIETARY 95 

sixteen ounces and mix. From average milk 
this should contain : 

7.0 per cent, fat 

3.2 per cent, sugar 

32 per cent, total solids 

TOP-MILK FORMULAS FOR VARIOUS 
AGES 

Mix top milk, maltose and water. Steam 
ten minutes, then divide into the required 
number of feedings. 

From the third to the tenth day : 

Milk (top 16 ounces) 3 ounces 

Maltose y 2 ounce 

Water to make 16 ounces 

Eight feedings in 24 hours; \to\y 2 ounces 
every 3 hours. If baby cries from hunger, 
feed every 2 l / 2 hours. 

From the tenth to the twenty-first day : 

Milk (top 16 ounces) 6 ounces 

Maltose 54 ounces 

Water to make 24 ounces 

Eight feedings in 24 hours ; V/ 2 to 2 ounces 
every 2*/ 2 to 3 hours. 

From the third to the sixth week: 

Milk (top 16 ounces) 10 ounces 

Maltose 1 ounce 

Water to make 32 ounce6 

Seven feedings in 24 hours ; 2 to 3 ounces 
every 2 l / 2 to 3 hours. 



gb THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

From the sixth week to the third month : 

Milk (top 16 ounces) 12 ounces 

Maltose 1 ounce 

Water to make 32 ounces 

Six feedings in 24 hours; 2]/ 2 to 4 ounces 
every 3 to 3 l / 2 hours. 



From the third to the fifth month : 

After this age two bottles of milk are required, 
sixteen ounces being taken from the top of each 
bottle and mixed. 

Milk (top 16 ounces) 18 ounces 

Maltose 1 ounce 

Water to make 40 ounces 

Six feedings in 24 hours; 4 to 5 ounces 

every 3]/ 2 hours. 



From the fifth to the seventh month : 

Milk (top 16 ounces) 21 ounces 

Maltose 1 ounce 

Water to make 42 ounces 

Five feedings in 24 hours; 5 to 7 ounces 
every 3 l A to 4 hours. 



From the seventh to the ninth month : 

Milk (top 16 ounces) 27 ounces 

Maltose \ l A ounces 

Water to make 48 ounces 

Five feedings in 24 hours; 6 to 8 ounces 
every 4 hours. 



DIETARY 97 

From the ninth to the twelfth month : 

Milk (top 16 ounces) 35 ounces 

Maltose 1 J4 ounces 

Water to make 56 ounces 

Four feedings in 24 hours; 7 to 9 ounces 
every 4 hours. 

After the twelfth month whole milk may be 
given. 

AN INFANT FROM TWELVE TO 
EIGHTEEN MONTHS OLD 

Use Fresh, Raw Milk Warmed to Feeding 
Temperature 

Milk, 8 ounces. 6 a.m. 

Huntly & Palmer biscuit. 

Juice of an orange or i ounce pineapple 8:3c a.m. 
juice. 

Saucer of steamed oatmeal, farina, hominy, 9:30 a.m. 
cream of wheat, yellow cornmeal or wheatena 
served with milk or thin cream. 

One piece zwieback, rusk or toast with 
butter. 

Milk, 6 ounces. 

One-half ounce steak or roast beef juice, 12:30 a.m 
baked potato with yolk of hard-cooked egg, 
and stewed prune pulp. Or: 

Chicken and chopped noodle soup, rice with 
yolk of hard-cooked egg and stewed peaches. 



98 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABT 

Or: 

Beef and farina or carrot soup, spinach with 
yolk of hard-cooked egg, and stewed apricots 
or apple sauce. 

(Qn very warm days give cold consomme 
instead of the warm soup.) 



3:30 p.m. Milk, 8 ounces. 



Saucer of arrowroot or cornstarch pudding, 
junket or cream cheese on biscuit. 

If awake and restless, milk, 8 ounces. 

(To make a hard-cooked egg yolk — Place 
the egg in a pan and cover with boiling water. 
Do not allow the water to boil after the egg is 
put in, but keep it hot for 45 minutes. Cooked 
in this way the yolk will be formed, but mealy 
and easily powdered.) 



FROM ONE AND ONE-HALF TO TWO 
AND ONE-HALF YEARS 

Milk, 8 ounces. 

Two pieces of zwieback, rusk or Huntly & 
Palmer biscuits. 



Juice of an orange. 



DIETARY 99 

Steamed farina, oatmeal, hominy, or cream 9 a.m. 
of wheat with chopped dates or figs, raw or 
stewed; a coddled or poached egg, or arrow- 
root pudding. 

Crisp toast, buttered. 

Milk, 6 ounces. 

Beef or chicken broth * thickened with sago, 12:30 p.m. 
rice or farina, clear broth with yolk of egg, or 
1 ounce steak or roast beef juice. 

Baked potato, spinach, carrots, peas, string 
beans, beets, asparagus tips or celery (all 
stewed). 1. 

Stewed prunes, stewed figs, baked apple or 
apple sauce. Huntley & Palmer biscuits, gra- 
ham wafers or lady fingers. 

Milk, 8 ounces. 3:30P.m. 

Wheatsworth cracker. 

Soft-cooked egg, junket, custard, cornstarch, 6:30 p.m. 
tapioca, or farina pudding, or cream cheese on 
biscuit. 

Half of a sliced banana or raw scraped 
apple. Cup of milk or weak cocoa. 

* When fresh soups are not available then canned soups 
such as the Franco-American soups may be used. 

t Fresh vegetables should be used whenever possible. Can- 
ned vegetables may be used when fresh are not obtainable. 



IOO THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

FOR A CHILD OF THREE YEARS 
AND OLDER 

7:30 p.m. Juice of an orange, or fresh fruit in season. 

Yellow cornmeal, cream of wheat, oatmeal, 
force, puffed rice or shredded wheat with 
cream or milk and sugar. 

Coddled egg with one strip broiled bacon. 

Toast, graham or whole wheat bread with 
butter. Cup of milk. 
12:3op.m. Chicken or beef broth thickened with 

farina, rice, barley or home-made noodles, 
or: 

One ounce steak or roast beef juice over 
baked potato. 

Broiled lamb chop, steak, chicken, squab, 
roast beef, mackerel, halibut or trout. 

Spinach, peas, beans, carrots, asparagus, 
grated corn, tomatoes, celery or onions (all 
boiled). 

Stewed fruits or berries in season. 
3.-30P.M. Unsweetened crackers with fruit jam. On 

cold days a cup of malted milk (4 teaspoons 
Horlick's malted milk to a teacup hot water) 
or a cup of cocoa. Warm days, buttermilk. 
6:30 p.m. Shredded ham omelet, scrambled egg, corn- 

starch or rice pudding, custard, Philadelphia 
cream cheese, macaroni or noodles. 

Cup of cocoa or milk. 

Fresh fruits in season. 

Bread and butter. 



DIETASY IOI 

CANDY 
Under modern conditions it is almost im- 
possible to prohibit all candy. The child's 
craving for sweets is natural, but under no 
consideration should they be given whenever 
desired, but when given they should be given 
either with, or just after, a meal, never before 
a meal as they will disturb digestion and take 
away the appetite. Plain taffies and hard can- 
dies which are simply flavored sugar are pre- 
ferred. Cream-filled chocolates and fancy can- 
dies should never be given. Pure milk choco- 
late, while nourishing, is hard to digest, and 
must be given in very small quantities only. 
Children under three years should have pep- 
permints only. 

FRUITS 

Fruits, as a rule, are easily digested by most 
children. For very young children stewed 
fruits (with the exception of orange and pine- 
apple juice) are preferable to raw, because the 
cellulose, or woody fiber, is softened during 
cooking. If covered while they are cooking 
very little of their nutritive value will be lost. 
All fruits to be eaten raw must be thoroughly 
washed, even those which are peeled. They 
must be neither under-ripe nor over-ripe. The 
banana contains more nourishment than any 
other fruit, and contrary to the popular be- 



102 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

lief, is not indigestible. Most children of 
three years can digest them perfectly. But 
a banana is not ripe until black spots appear 
on the peel. The fruit should be peeled, then 
scraped of the fuzzy covering, sliced, and 
served with milk. 

VEGETABLES 

Cook vegetables only long enough to make 
them tender. Starchy vegetables should be 
placed in boiling water. Vegetables having a 
sweet, mild-flavored juice such as string beans 
and green peas should be cooked in a covered 
utensil in a small quantity of water, which is 
served with the vegetable. Vegetables having 
a strong-flavored juice should be cooked un- 
covered. These vegetables are more palatable 
if creamed. Vegetables should not be salted 
until they have cooked ten minutes, because 
the salt tends to draw out the juices. 

Time for Cooking 

Spinach 30 to 40 minutes 

Lettuce 30 to 40 minutes 

String beans 30 to 60 minutes 

Beet greens 40 to 50 minutes 

Asparagus tips 15 to 30 minutes 

Grated corn 15 to 30 minutes 

Kohlrabi 20 to 40 minutes 

Carrots (young) 40 to 60 minutes 

Peas 20 to 30 minutes 



DIETARY IO3 

White Sauce for Creamed Vegetables 

1 level tablespoon flour. 

1 level tablespoon butter or fat. 
J4 level teaspoon salt. 

Yz cup liquid (water, milk, vegetable juice 
or meat stock). 

Spinach and other greens must be carefully Boiled 
washed through 4 or 5 waters, or until all sand p ndC 
and dirt are removed. When clean, drop into 
boiling water and cook until tender. Remove 
the lid and evaporate most of the water by 
keeping it at steaming temperature. Hash or 
chop them, and add salt and butter. 

Prepare as above. Force through a fine Spinach 
sieve or through cheese-cloth. Throw away u p 
the tough fiber that can not be forced through 
the cloth. 

After boiling spinach, and evaporating most Spinach 
of the water, press the leaves with a spoon. 
The overflow into the spoon is the spinach 
water, which may be fed to infants of 3 
months. 

CEREALS 

Cereals are made from hard grains and con- 
tain much starch. They should be cooked only 
long enough to make them easily digested. To 
steam farina several hours, as advocated by 
some, is unnecessary and harmful. Farina 
requires 30 minutes cooking. Rice can be 
thoroughly cooked in 30 to 40 minutes. Sift 



104 TH E HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

the dry cereal slowly into salted, boiling water, 
stirring all the while to prevent lumping. The 
pulverized cereals, or cereal flours, should first 
be mixed with cold water, then poured slowly 
into boiling water. Cook five minutes directly 
over the fire, then cover and place in the 
double boiler, and steam for the time required. 
When the coal range is used, a very con- 
venient way to cook the cereal is to start it 
cooking at suppertime and leave closely cov- 
ered on the back of the range all night. 



PROPORTIONS AND TIME FOR COOK- 
ING CEREALS 

Cups 
y 2 Cup Salted Water Boiling Time 

Rice VA 30 minutes 

(steam 40 minutes) 

Farina 2 30 minutes 

Rolled oats V/ 2 1 hour 

Hominy 2 2 hours 

Cornmeal 2 3 hours 

Wheatena 2 1 hour 

Cream of wheat.. 2 1 hour 

For the sake of variety and to tempt a child 
who is not fond of cereals, stewed figs, dates, 
dried currants or seeded cherries may be added 
just before serving or they may be cooked with 
the cereals. 
Boiled Ri ce mus t be cooked differently from other 

cereals. There is danger of overcooking and 



Rice 



DIETARY 105 

having it soggy. Add y 2 cup of rice slowly 
to i^4 cups boiling water that has been salted. 
Let it boil rapidly without stirring (cover the 
kettle) for 25 to 30 minutes, or until soft. 
Then pour it into a colander to drain. Stand 
it in the oven, leaving the door wide open, or 
on a very low flame, to dry for a few minutes. 
This drying evaporates the moisture, leaving 
the rice soft and perfectly dry. Serve with 
bits of raw butter, or stewed fruit. 

Add one heaping tablespoon of crusht oats Oatmeal or 
and Yi teaspoon of salt to a pint of water. Stir o^"^* 
until the salt is dissolved, and stand it on the 
back part of the fire over night. In the morn- 
ing stand it over a hot fire, and let it boil 1 
hour without stirring. Serve with chopped 
raw or stewed figs. 

Add Yz cup farina to 2 cups salted water, Farina 
sifting it in slowly, with constant stirring. 
Cover, and boil slowly for 30 minutes. Serve 
with chopped stewed dates. 

Dissolve 1 rounded teaspoon of arrowroot Arrowroot 
or cornstarch in 4 ounces of water, and 4°^°™" 
ounces of milk, add 1 teaspoon of granulated Pudding 
sugar and boil 10 minutes. 

May be flavored with a few drops extract of 
vanilla or with a level teaspoon of cocoa or 
chocolate. 



106 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Barley 
Water 



Rice 
Water 



Oatmeal 
Water 



Albumin 
Water 



Nutritious 
Lemonade 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 

To make barley water add one tablespoon- 
ful of pearl barley to one quart of cold water, 
boil two hours, adding water from time to time. 
Strain through muslin and add enough boiled 
water to make one quart. When the barley 
flour is used mix two teaspoonfuls of the flour 
in a little cold water, add one quart of water 
and boil fifteen minutes. Strain through 
muslin if there are any lumps, and add enough 
boiled water to make one quart. 

Rice water is made in the same manner as 
barley water, one tablespoonful of rice being 
used to one quart of water. When rice flour 
is used, add two teaspoonfuls to a quart of 
water. 

Oatmeal water is made in the same manner 
as barley water. Use one and one-half table- 
spoonfuls of oatmeal to one quart of water. 

Gruel is made by adding two teaspoonfuls 
of rice flour, barley flour or oatmeal to one 
pint of cold water, and boiling briskly for one- 
half hour. Add a pinch of salt and a teaspoon- 
ful of granulated sugar. 

To make albumin water add the white of 
one raw egg to one-half pint of water. Pour 
the egg and water into a clean bottle and shake 
well. Feed through a nipple or by spoon. 

A nourishing drink is made by adding the 
juice of half a lemon to the yolk of a raw egg; 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES IO7 

let it stand for five minutes, and then add two 
teaspoonfuls of granulated sugar and five 
ounces of water. 

Beat the white of one raw egg with one Nutritious 
teaspoonful of granulated sugar and add the ° ran geade 
juice of one orange and five ounces of water. 

Take one-half pint of fresh cows' milk and Junket 
heat it lukewarm (about 115 F.) ; add one 
teaspoonful of Fairchild's essence of pepsin 
and stir just enough to mix. Pour it into cups 
and let it stand in a cool place until firmly 
curdled. Serve plain or with a little sugar. 

Curdle warm milk with the essence of pep- Whey 
sin as directed in making junket. After the 
milk has curdled or clotted beat up the curd 
with a fork and strain it. The liquid is the 
whey which may be sweetened by adding one 
teaspoonful of maltose. 

Exprest beef juice is obtained by slightly Beef 
broiling a piece of lean beef, and squeezing 
the juice from it with a lemon squeezer or a 
meat press. One pound of steak yields from 
two to four ounces of juice. Flavor it with 
a little salt and slightly warm it by standing 
a cup containing the beef juice in a bowl of 
hot water. 

Take one pound of lean mutton, veal, beef Broths 
or chicken, including some of the bone, a 
sprig of parsley and a blade of celery for one 
quart of cold water containing a pinch of salt 



I08 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Weak Tea 
for Thirst 



Gelatine 
Pudding 



Soft-cooked 
cr Coddled 
Egg 



Cook slowly down to about 8 ounces, for three 
hours, adding water from time to time, strain 
through muslin and remove the greater part of 
the fat. 

Weak, cold tea (English Breakfast) made 
by steeping about three tea leaves in one cup 
of boiling water for two minutes, is very valu- 
able to quench thirst in a baby suffering with 
diarrhea. Two or three teaspoonfuls may be 
given at one time and repeated every half- 
hour. Besides the cooling effect tea has a de- 
cided astringent property which makes it 
valuable in diarrhea. 

A delicious dessert for a child two years old 
or older is made with gelatin powder and hot 
water. Cox's, Knox's, or Price's gelatin pow- 
der may be used. The directions for the 
proper proportion of powder and water will be 
found on each label. 

Beat together one fresh egg and a teaspoon- 
ful of granulated sugar ; pour into a cup and 
add four ounces of milk, then tie over the cup 
a piece of linen, place the cup in a shallow 
saucepan half full of water, and boil ten 
minutes. 

Place a fresh egg in enough boiling water 
to cover it, move it to the back of the stove 
and let it stand five minutes where the water 
will keep hot, but not boil. Serve with a 
pinch of salt. An egg to be properly cooked 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES ICX) 

should never be boiled in boiling water, as the 
white hardens before the yolk is cooked. The 
yolk and white should be of a jelly-like con- 
sistency. 

Place the egg in a pan and cover it with boil- Hard- 
ing water. Do not allow the water to boil c ™* ^ Qik _ 
after the egg is in, but keep it hot for 45 
minutes. Cooked in this way the yolk will be 
formed, mealy and easily powdered. 

Place a slice of bread in the oven, and dry Toast 
until crisp but not brown. Place it on a toast 
fork and hold it over the flame of a coal fire 
for a few seconds until brown on both sides. 
Butter while hot. 

This meat pulp is prepared by scraping with Raw 
a dull knife a piece of raw or underdone round B eef e 
steak. Add salt to taste. The raw yolk of 
egg may also be added to the meat. 

Tie several pounds of wheat flour in a Baked 
cheese-cloth bag and boil in a pot of water for ( F iour 
five hours. Remove from water and place in Ba "> 
oven, and bake until quite brown on the out- 
side. It will require from two to three hours 
slow baking. Break open and throw away the 
brown shell; the remainder, the baked flour, 
must then be grated into a powder. 

Boil one quart of milk, and when cool, skim Buttermilk 
off the skin that rises. Add one teaspoonful of Acid'ivirik 
the pure culture of the lactic acid bacillus, or 
one lactic acid tablet containing the bacillus 



IIO THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

(can be bought in any drug store). Set this 
inoculated milk in a warm place (temperature 
about ioo° F.) for twenty-four to thirty-six 
hours. The lumpy mixture must then be 
thoroughly shaken, and if of a thick, creamy 
consistency, must be placed in a cool place to 
retard further souring. 
Malt Dissolve 3^2 ounces of malt soup * in I pint 

of warm water. Then mix 3 ounces (in 
measure) or 2 ounces (in weight) of wheat 
flour in 1 pint of milk. When the wheat flour 
and milk solution is strained it is added to the 
malt soup extract solution and slowly brought 
to a boil, being stirred constantly over a slow 
fire. Cool it off quickly by standing it in cold 
water. 

* Malt soup made by the Maltine Company of Brooklyn. 



PART III 

Miscellaneous Diseases and Emebgencies 



CHAPTER I 

VOMITING— COLIC— HICCUP 
CONVULSIONS 



THERE are so many causes for vomiting From 
in infants and children that whatever it p^dufo 
be, the cause should be carefully studied. 
Vomiting may be the result of overfeeding, or 
due to infants gulping their food or drinking 
it too hastily. When the vomiting that is due 
to improper feeding continues, absolute rest 
of the stomach is demanded. In such cases 
from an interval of two hours there should be 
a change so that we feed once in three or even 
four hours. In many cases of vomiting the 
food is too rich in fat (cream) ; hence more 
water should be added. When vomiting fol- 
lows breast feeding, the baby should receive 
several teaspoonfuls of lime water with sev- 
eral of boiled water before each feeding to 
dilute the breast milk. When the breast milk 
contains too much cream, then spitting, belch- 
ing, and vomiting will result. 

Vomiting may be caused by disease ; hence Due to 
repeated vomiting with or without fever means 

"3 



114 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

something more than a trivial stomach com- 
plaint. For example: If a child falls down a 
flight of stairs and continues to vomit, such 
vomiting is due to concussion of the brain. 
Due to j£ a ^id i s developing scarlet fever the first 

Disease l ° 

symptom usually noted will be repeated at- 
tacks of vomiting. Brain fever and tubercu- 
lous meningitis usually begin with vomiting. 
Fever, convulsions, nervous twitchings, and 
gradual loss of weight are evident No 
amount of changing of the food formula will 
relieve such attacks. 

When vomiting occurs, give a dose of cas- 
tor oil, or a rhubarb and soda tablet, dissolved 
in a little water, repeat this dose in two hours 
if vomiting continues. Dilute the food by 
using one-half the quantity of milk previously 
given and add an equal part of water. If 
vomiting still persists after these measures 
have been taken, consult the physician at once. 

COLIC 

Colic, as it frequently occurs in young in- 
fants, is usually caused by indigestion. It 
occurs most frequently in bottle-fed infants. 
When it occurs frequently in a breast-fed in- 
fant, give an ounce of hot water just before 
nursing. The mother should see that her 
bowels move freely each day ; she should take 
plenty of exercise and a light, nourishing diet. 



HICCUP 115 

When colic exists baby will draw up his 
legs on the abdomen and cry and scream. I 
have already in the article on "Cry," called 
attention to the peculiar, sharp cry denoting 
pain. The abdomen is usually distended and 
if the ear is placed over the abdomen a dis- 
tinct rumbling noise can be heard. No amount 
of rocking or soothing will comfort the baby 
until the colic is relieved. A hot-water bag, 
or a warm flaxseed poultice, should be applied 
to the abdomen. Rubbing the abdomen with 
warm sweet oil, as described in the article on 
massage, will usually relieve the pain. One 
drop of essence of peppermint to a teaspoonful 
of warm water may be given every fifteen 
minutes until baby is soothed. Injections of 
warm soap water into the bowel will instantly 
relieve the colic. When colic recurs the food 
requires modification. As a rule we must add 
less milk and increase the diluent, be it rice or 
barley water. 

HICCUP 

Hiccup is due to a spasm of the diaphragm. 
\K tight-fitting abdominal bandage will fre- 
quently check this spasm. One drop of Hoff- 
man's anodyne may be given every hour to a 
baby one year old, and every half-hour to 
an older child. 



Il6 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

CONVULSIONS 

If the baby overloads his stomach, or if 
improper food has been given and stagnates 
in the intestine, general poisoning may result, 
with fever and convulsions. When convul- 
sions appear the muscles of the arms and legs 
are usually stiffened, the facial muscles are 
distorted, the eyes roll upward, the jaws are 
firm, the teeth locked, and frothing of the 
mouth may take place. When convulsions 
occur the physician should be summoned; 
until then, the following general rules should 
be followed: 
Mustard An ice-cold cloth or an ice-bag may be laid 

Foot-bath on the j iead> a foot-bath should be given in 
tepid water at a temperature of ioo° F., to 
which one or two tablespoonfuls of powdered 
mustard should be added. The feet should be 
bathed until the skin is reddened or until the 
muscular rigidity ceases. The bath should 
not be prolonged more than three minutes. If 
the spasm continues after the mustard foot- 
bath has been given, then a pint of soap-water 
should be injected into the bowels as an enema. 
This will empty the bowel and frequently 
relieve the spasm. 



CHAPTER II 
CONSTIPATION 

THE baby's bowels should move at least '" Breast- 
once in every twenty-four hours. If the 
action of the bowels is sluggish, he will not 
have a movement every day. This sluggish 
action can be caused by different conditions, 
but is most often due to faulty feeding. If 
the baby is fed at the breast, the mother or 
wet-nurse must see that her breast milk is kept 
in a healthy state. Her milk should be exam- 
ined by a physician or chemist to determine 
whether or no enough fat (cream) is present. 
If a deficiency of cream exists then we can give 
baby one or more teaspoonfuls of cream from 
cows' milk, in a little warm water immediately 
before nursing. Several teaspoonfuls of water 
sweetened with granulated sugar and given 
before nursing will frequently relieve consti- 
pation. 

If the baby is bottle-fed and his digestion in Bottie- 
is good, then increase the quantity of cream fed Bab,et 
by adding a teaspoonful to each bottle. If milk 
117 



Il8 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Fruit and 

Fruit 

Juices 



Massage 



has been subjected to prolonged heating, then 
stop using boiled or pasteurized milk. Give 
milk warmed to about ioo° F. or the usual 
feeding temperature. A teaspoonful of Mead's 
Dextri-maltose No. 3 added to each bottle will 
modify constipation. A teaspoonful or more 
of malt soup * added to each bottle will also 
have a laxative effect. Half a teaspoonful of 
honey may be given twice a day. 

When constipation follows the use of any 
food, it can be corrected by adding 5 to 
10 grains of phosphate of soda or ^2 teaspoon 
of calcined magnesia to the morning bottle. 
No more than one dose should be given in a 
day. If this does not correct the constipation, 
then no change of food should be made with- 
out medical advice. 

A drink of water between feedings will fre- 
quently help to relieve continued constipation. 

In older children scraped pulp of raw apple 
or the pulp of a good mellow peach will aid 
in relieving constipation. Apple sauce or 
prune jelly may be given between meals. 
Orange juice, grape juice, pineapple juice or 
apple cider will be found beneficial. 

Kneading or stroking the abdomen over the 
bowels will stimulate the circulation if regu- 
larly performed. The fingers or hands of the 



* Maltine Company, Brooklyn. 



CONSTIPATION 



119 



mother or nurse should be oiled and by means 
of gentle stroking begin in the following man- 
ner: Have your hands warmed as well as 
oiled, begin at the right groin and lightly rub 
the fingers in a circular motion upward, until 
the umbilicus is reached: then rub across the 




CORRECT METHOD OF GIVING MASSAGE TO 
RELIEVE CONSTIPATION 

Note the Position of the Right Hand of the Nurse 



umbilicus and down the left side to the groin. 
Begin again at the right groin and press a 
little deeper each time until the baby becomes 
accustomed to it. This should be done every 
morning and evening for from five to ten 



120 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Supposi- 
tories 



Drugs 



minutes and can be continued for several 
weeks. In obstinate cases several months of 
treatment may be necessary. 

The baby should not be allowed to go more 
than twenty-four hours without a movement. 
Immediate relief can be given by an injection 
into the bowel through the rectum of one-half 
pint of lukewarm castile soap water, to which 
one tablespoonful of glycerin has been added. 

Sometimes a very little stimulant to the 
rectum is all that is needed. A suppository 
usually acts quickly. The best for the baby 
are those made of glycerin or gluten. They 
are small and conical in shape and resemble 
the old-fashioned "soap stick." One of these 
suppositories should be dipt into vaselin or 
olive oil and gently inserted into the baby's 
rectum and held there until the movement 
pushes it out. These suppositories may be 
used daily for several weeks, if required. 

No mother or nurse should give the baby 
any drugs for his bowel movement without 
the supervision of a physician. They should 
try any or all the remedies here suggested be- 
fore giving the baby any drugs. Many cases 
of chronic catarrh of the bowels have occurred 
through the constant use of cathartics. 




CORRECT POSITION OF A BABY WHEN GIVING AN INJECTION TO AID 
THE MOVEMENT OF THE BOWELS 



CHAPTER III 
RICKETS, SCURVY, JAUNDICE 

RICKETS is a disease caused by improper 
feeding. The bones, instead of being 
hard and firm, are soft and spongy, and some- 
times very thin. The muscles, instead of be- 
ing hard and firm, are soft and flabby. There 
is a general backwardness of development. 
Rickety children are backward in teething, and 
when the teeth do appear, decay very rapidly. 
They are backward in walking and backward 
in talking and the soft-spot (fontanel) on the 
top of the head remains open months longer 
than it should. Owing to the soft bones which 
yield on walking the child becomes bow-legged. 
The ends of the bones are enlarged, and the 
ribs are beaded. 

These children usually suffer from consti- 
pation and have a distended abdomen. They 
are restless at night and peevish by day. They 
perspire freely, especially while feeding. The 
back of the head is usually bald from rubbing 
the head back and forth on the pillow. If a 



122 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

breast-fed baby shows signs of rickets the 
breast milk must be examined at once by a 
chemist in order to determine the quantity of 
fat, sugar and protein that it contains. When 
nursing is prolonged and the mother men- 
struates regularly, rickets may develop. As a 
rule babies fed on condensed milk or those 
receiving insufficient fat or cream develop 
rickets. When the baby is kept indoors and 
over-bundled with clothing, he soon loses his 
appetite and if this continues for weeks and 
months he will become undernourished, and 
as a result rickets in some form will be shown. 
Fresh cows' milk simply warmed, not boiled, 
should be given. Fruit juices, such as orange, 
lemon, pineapple and grape juice and raw- 
scraped apple pulp should be given. Butter, 
yolk of raw egg, with sugar, vegetables, 
cereals, and the dairy products, such as 
cream cheese should form the bulk of the diet. 
When severe constipation is encountered, 
several teaspoonfuls of sweet oil or honey 
may be given daily. Cod-liver oil, maltine or 
morrholin should be given in doses of one tea- 
spoonful three times a day. Five grains of 
vitaphos, given in milk three times a day, will 
strengthen the bones. Children suffering with 
rickets require fresh air ; they should sleep in 
well-ventilated rooms. While out of doors, 
they should be placed in the sun. A sun bath 



SCURVY 123 

is very important. The daily morning bath 
should be of lukewarm water to which one 
pound of sea salt is added. After the bath 
the child should be briskly rubbed with a 
coarse turkish towel. No case of rickets 
should be neglected or the deformities will 
remain throughout life. 

SCURVY 

A child that has been incorrectly fed will 
frequently show evidences of such bad feed- 
ing by having a weakened framework. The 
bones will be spongy and the muscles flabby. 
The joints will swell and resemble rheuma- 
tism. The child will be covered with bluish- 
black spots as tho it were bruised. New 
spots will appear when the child is roughly 
handled. The gums have a deep purple color, 
are swollen and look spongy. They frequently 
bleed. Nosebleed or blood in the urine and 
stools accompanies this condition. The child 
appears pale and has no appetite. 

If the child has been fed with a patent food 
its food must be changed at once. Raw milk 
must be given and all forms of steaming and 
sterilizing must be stopt. Orange juice, 
grape juice and raw steak juice must be added 
to the diet. Likewise baked white potato, bar- 
ley, unpolished rice, fresh stewed vegetables 
such as turnips, carrots, whole peas (mashed 



124 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

including the outer shells), spinach, beet greens 
and lettuce. This is generally all the treat- 
ment necessary. 

JAUNDICE 

In jaundice there is an intense yellowish 
color to the skin. The whites of the eyes ap- 
pear yellowish. The urine instead of being 
yellow in color has a brownish color. The 
stools instead of being brown, are white or 
clay colored. The child may vomit and fever 
may be present. Headache will be complained 
of by older children. They are languid and 
tired and will want to go to bed. When the 
new-born baby has jaundice the physician 
should at once be summoned. Jaundice may 
be caused by a liver disturbance or by some 
poison in the blood. It may be due to an in- 
fection of the umbilicus. In older children 
jaundice is frequently associated with catarrh 
of the stomach, in which case it extends to the 
bile ducts. Under the care of a physician 
these cases recover. 



CHAPTER IV 
FEVER AND TEMPERATURE 

THE normal temperature of a baby ranges 
between gSy 2 and 99.^° F. If the baby 
has a temperature of 99 to ioo° F. he should 
not be considered feverish. A temperature of 
101 to 102 F. usually means a mild disease. 
A temperature of 103, 104 or 105 F. means a 
severe febrile condition. Children are very 
sensitive and hence respond very quickly to 
conditions giving rise to fever. For instance, 
an overloaded stomach or a stagnant bit of fer- 
menting milk-curd in the intestine may give 
rise to auto-intoxication resulting in fever as 
high as 105 F. and frequently will cause con- 
vulsions. 

Use a clinical thermometer. Shake the ther- How to 

, , , r , Take Tenv 

mometer so that the column of mercury drops perature 

below 95 . Apply vaselin or oil to the end 

containing the mercury. Place the infant on 

the left side and insert the thermometer one 

inch into the rectum. Let it remain two to 

three minutes. The end of the column of mer- 

125 



126 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



Sudden 
Fever 



Slow 
Fever 



What to 
Do for 
Fever 



cury indicates the degree of temperature. The 
thermometer should be washed with soap and 
cold water. The mercury remains registered 
in the tube until it is again shaken down. 

If a child is well in the morning and sud- 
denly develops a temperature of 103, 104 or 
105 F., this usually implies a sudden dis- 
turbance of the stomach or bowels. As a rule 
sudden fever is not dangerous, but responds 
readily to treatment. 

When fever comes on gradually, and in- 
creases Yz to 1 degree every day for a number 
of days, it is usually a bad sign. This form 
of temperature is met with in typhoid fever, 
and in meningitis. 

It is important to remember that fever is 
absent in many diseased conditions. For ex- 
ample, brain fever and even scarlet fever and 
pneumonia may sometimes be present and 
still the temperature of the body be normal 
during the whole course of the disease. 

A teaspoonful of castor oil is always a safe 
remedy no matter what brought on the fever. 
A teaspoonful of aromatic sirup of rhubarb 
may be given every hour for three doses. One 
of the most rapid methods of reducing fever 
is by washing the bowel with a pint of soap- 
water, by means of a fountain or bag syringe. 
If the mother or nurse is skilful the injection 
may be given high up in the bowel, with the aid 



FEVER AND TEMPERATURE 12/ 

of a small rubber catheter. Fifteen drops of 
sweet spirits of niter in a teaspoonful of water 
may be given. This may be repeated every 
hour until three or four doses have been given. 
As niter acts on the kidneys it eliminates fever 
and poisonous products through the kidneys 
by increasing the flow of urine. 

If fever persists then a sponge bath, con- Jf°2[JJ B 
sisting of one part of alcohol and five parts 
of cold water, should be given. The body 
should be sponged every half-hour until the 
physician arrives. 

If an eruption is found on the body, a phy- Rash 
sician should be consulted before any spong- 
ing or cooling is begun. 

If the child is still on a milk diet, we should ^ ee f ,n e 

During 

give a weaker food by taking away half the Fever 
quantity of milk and adding the same amount 
of water. In some fevers even weak milk will 
not be tolerated and nothing but whey or thin 
soups will be retained. Evaporated milk * 
diluted with water may be tried. 

Weak tea to which evaporated or condensed 
milk is added may be given for thirst. 

Older children who have been on a diet of 
solid food should receive only liquids during 
the fever. Plenty of water should be given. 

"Read page 84. 



CHAPTER V 

GENERAL RULES FOR CONTAGIOUS 
DISEASES AND FEVERS- 
ISOLATION 

PUT the child to bed. 
Give a teaspoon of castor oil or aro- 
matic sirup of rhubarb. 

One hour later give an infant 15 drops of 
sweet spirits of niter, and an older child 30 
drops. 

If twitching of the muscles is noticed and 
the child has had convulsions before, then 
give a strong mustard foot-bath for two or 
three minutes, and apply cold, wet cloths to 
the forehead, changing them every five 
minutes. 

If twitching continues one-half hour after 
the foot-bath, then give an injection into the 
rectum of one pint of soap water. 

For thirst give one or several tablespoon fuls 
of citrate of magnesia or orange juice. 

Do not give pure milk in fever, but dilute 
the food one-half. Thin soups, lemonade and 
orangeade may also be given. 

Do not bathe the child if an eruption is 

128 



RULES FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 1 29 

seen on the skin unless the physician especially 
orders it. 

Wrap the patient in a blanket and take him 
out of the sick-room into an adjoining room 
twice a day to permit thorough ventilation of 
the sick-room. 

The spread of most diseases is caused The . M 

Spread of 

through ignorance or carelessness. So-called Disease 
colds, such as running nose, sore throat and 
bronchitis are easily communicated to children 
and may be serious for the baby. Do not 
sneeze or cough in the baby's face. A mother 
or nurse should protect the baby from catch- 
ing her own cold by tying a handkerchief or 
piece of cheese-cloth over her nose and mouth 
when nursing or caring for the baby. She 
should not kiss the baby, neither should she 
use her own handkerchief for the baby. The 
baby should never be taken to the room of a 
sick person, until the true nature of the illness 
is known. If the disease is contagious, the 
separation must be kept up. The patient must 
be isolated. This isolation consists in placing isolation 
the patient in a room by himself, and giving 
him separate dishes, washcloths, towels, etc. 
Only one person should care for him, and the 
clothing of this person should be protected by 
a long gown when in the patient's room. After 
handling the patient the hands must be care- 
fully washed in warm water and soap. 



CHAPTER VI 

MEASLES, SCARLET FEVER, CHICK- 
EN-POX, DIPHTHERIA, CROUP, 
AND INFANTILE PARALYSIS 

MEASLES 

IN measles the first thing usually noticed by 
the mother is that the baby appears to 
have taken cold. He will sneeze, have a 
catarrh in the head and cough. The eyes 
are congested or reddened, the appetite poor 
and there is usually fever. Three or four 
days later a rose-colored rash will appear on 
the face and neck, and later spread to the 
chest, arms and legs. 

At the first symptoms the baby should be 
put to bed in a darkened room, or with his 
back to the light on account of the inflamma- 
tion of the eyes. Plenty of fresh air should 
be allowed to enter, and the temperature of 
the room kept at about 70 F. All other 
children should be kept from the room or 
house if possible, as nine out of every ten, if 
exposed, will take this disease. If children 
remain well fourteen days after exposure, then 

130 



GERMAN MEASLES I3I 

they will probably escape. As a rule the dis- 
ease appears between seven and fourteen days 
after an exposure. Bathing should be stopt. 
No child should be permitted out of bed, no 
matter how good he feels until the rash has 
entirely disappeared. This may in some cases 
require a child to be in bed five to seven days. 

Complications can be avoided by this precau- p om P"ca- 

T • 1 1 1 1 tions 

tion. It is the careless mother or nurse who, 

disregarding a mild bronchitis, will expose a 
sick child in order to harden it and later find 
that the child has contracted a fatal pneu- 
monia. Continued fever after the measles' 
rash has disappeared means the development 
of some complication, usually ear abscess or 
pus in the pleural cavity. Continued cough 
after measles should not be disregarded. 
Tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis very fre- 
quently follow measles. 

GERMAN MEASLES 
This disease resembles ordinary measles, 
altho it is a much milder disease and does 
not begin with sneezing and coughing. Some- 
times there is a slight fever, but more often 
the first symptom noticed is the rash. The 
pale red rash usually appears all over the 
body. It varies in size from a pin-head to a 
small pea. It disappears in three or four 
days. The child should be kept in bed and 



I32 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

put on a light diet. This is all the treatment 
necessary. The patient should be isolated. 
If a child has been exposed to this disease he 
will usually show signs of it at any time from 
the fourth to the twentieth day after exposure. 



SCARLET FEVER 

The early symptoms of scarlet fever are 
The sore throaty headache, high fever, and vomit- 

ing which may occur in spite of a most careful 
diet. Convulsions sometimes occur. From 
twenty-four to thirty-six hours after the first 
symptoms are noticed a rash of a deep red or 
bluish-red color usually appears, first on the 
neck and chest, and later covering the body. 
It is a slightly elevated pin-point flush, so 
diffuse that the whole body has a very red 
appearance. This rash usually remains five 
or six days. The skin then begins to peel off 
or desquamate ; this peeling takes from two to 
four weeks. The strictest isolation must be 
observed. 
How The modern view of the contagiousness of 

spread scarlet fever is that the disease is conveyed 

by contact only. Discharges from the ear, 
nose, throat and vagina contain the active 
poison which transmits the disease. The skin 
peeling or desquamation is not regarded as a 
means of carrying the disease. The New York 



CHICKEN-POX 133 

Health Department therefore does not demand 
disinfection after the peeling is over. 

When a rash resembling scarlet fever occurs, 
the glands in the neck as well as those in the 
groin and other parts of the body, become en- 
larged and remain so for several weeks. 
Glandular swelling does not accompany a so- 
called stomach rash caused by oatmeal, crab- 
meat, or strawberries or by ivy poisoning. 

A child after being exposed to a case of 
scarlet fever may show the first symptoms any 
time within twelve days. The treatment must 
be left to the physician. 

CHICKEN-POX 

Chicken-pox is a contagious disease. If the 
baby has been exposed he will probably have 
an eruption between the fourth and fourteenth 
days after exposure. Usually the first symp- 
tom noticed is a slight fever and a series of 
red blotches scattered over the body. These 
red blotches are at first small, and gradually 
grow larger and resemble water blisters. In 
a few days they dry up and the crust falls off. 
The eruption appears in successive crops, as 
one crop disappears, another crop appears. 
The disease frequently attacks very young in- 
fants. It has nothing to do with vaccination. 
There is no danger in this disease if the child 



134 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

is kept in bed, the bowels cleansed, and no 
solid food is given. It may be communicated 
to healthy children as late as sixteen days after 
the first symptoms appear. 

DIPHTHERIA 

Diphtheria first appears as yellowish, or 
grayish-yellow, spots or patches in the throat. 
These spots are seen on one or both tonsils or 
on the pharynx. There is usually fever, the 
temperature ranging between 101 and 102°. In 
simple tonsillitis the temperature is much 
higher, reaching 103 and 104 . 

The glands of the neck, below the jaw, usu- 
ally are swollen and there is pain on swallow- 
ing which will prevent the child from taking 
food. 

When an infant refuses his bottle our first 
duty is to inspect the throat. Many infants 
will show no other symptom except loss of 
appetite and restlessness. No time should be 
lost when spots are seen. A physician should 
be called at once. To overlook diphtheria may 
mean the loss of a child. 

Until the physician arrives, two to four 
ounces of citrate of magnesia may be given 
to cleanse the bowels. No solid food should 
be given, only milk, gruels and broths. For 
thirst, ice-cream and water ices should be 
given. For very young infants dilute the food 




CORRECT METHOD OF HOLDING A BABY FOR THE EXAMINATION OF 
ITS MOUTH AND THROAT 



FALSE CROUP I 35 

one-half with water. The patient must be 
strictly isolated. If other children are ex- 
posed, they are likely to get the disease any 
time within one week after exposure. 

FALSE CROUP 

There are two kinds of croup, catarrhal or 
false croup and diphtheritic or true croup. 
Catarrhal or false croup is the kind that comes 
on suddenly in the night in an apparently 
healthy child. It is the result of a simple 
filling up with mucus. The baby may have 
had a cold or been exposed, but more often 
no special cause can be found for this sudden 
attack. The baby may wake up during the 
night with a hoarse barking or crowing cough, 
and seem to breathe with difficulty. 

One of the best methods of relieving this Keuio 
cough is to have a croup kettle or a tea kettle 
with a long spout so placed that steam coming 
from the kettle will be inhaled by the baby. 
Ten or fifteen drops of spirits of turpentine 
may be added to the steaming water. This 
steam should be kept up for several hours so 
that the air in the room becomes saturated. 
If the attack is very severe a teaspoonful of 
sirup of ipecac may be given. If vomiting 
does not result then give another dose of ipe- 
cac in twenty minutes. This form of croup 
comes on suddenly and disappears suddenly 



I36 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

if the emetic is given. There is no danger to 
S. child's life even tho such an attack comes 
on after exposure to cold. 
True A croupous cough that is accompanied by 

fever and comes on very slowly is usually of 
a serious nature. If white patches or spots 
can be seen in the throat then the sooner the 
physician is consulted the better for the child 



INFANTILE PARALYSIS 

This is an infectious disease. How it is 
spread is not definitely known, but it may be 
taken directly from a sick person, or through 
a third person who has been with the patient. 

The germ enters the nose or throat; there- 
fore the throat should be gargled, and the 
nose sprayed with diluted listerine or Dobell's 
solution after being in the dusty street. As 
dirt is carried into the mouth by soiled fingers, 
frequent washing, especially before eating, is 
necessary. 

The early symptoms are fever, usually 
vomiting and irritability. Later there is pain 
in the neck, back, arms or legs, an unsteady 
gait, and great weakness. 

If paralysis occurs it usually appears be- 
tween the second and fifth days. A child 
having a mild attack may recover without 
paralysis, and be a "carrier" of the disease 



INFANTILE PARALYSIS 1 37 

for months, as the germs of the disease are 
present in the discharges from the nose, 
threat and bowels, even in the mild cases. 

Early in the disease the use of serum has 
prevented paralysis in many cases. 



CHAPTER VII 

WHOOPING-COUGH— TUBERCU- 
LOSIS 

WHOOPING-COUGH 
Prevention j NFANTS while nursing rarely or never 
X contract whooping-cough. Immune sub- 
stances in breast milk protect the infant. If 
an infant over one year old has been exposed 
to this cough we can protect him by an injec- 
tion of vaccine. If we delay in notifying the 
physician then the vaccine is useless. 

The first symptoms of whooping-cough are 
those of an ordinary cold with a cough. This 
lasts about ten days, when the cough gets 
stronger until a pronounced spasm appears. 
These spasms consist of a number of short, 
quick coughs, then a long-drawn inspiration 
known as "the whoop." During these cough- 
ing spasms the baby will get very red, some- 
times bluish-red in the face, and frequently 
the spasm ends with a vomit. It will be no- 
ticed that the cough is worse indoors and is 
least troublesome out of doors. The spasms 
are strongest at night. This is usually so be- 
cause the windows are tightly shut. Fresh 

138 



WHOOPING-COUGH 1 39 

air night and day are very necessary for a 
cure. 

In the country a child suffering with whoop- Fresh 
ing-cough or any chronic cough, should be 
placed on a sleeping porch. He should sleep 
out of doors and remain in the open air con- 
stantly. To have a child in the air by day, 
and in a stuffy room at night, defeats the 
object of our treatment. Fresh air will stop 
a cough more quickly than any other remedy. 
Windows should not be closed even if it is 
raining, but the child can be protected with 
covers and so kept warm if it is chilly. If the 
means of the family permit and the infant is 
young, a "Boggin's window crib" will be found 
advantageous. 

The danger in whooping-cough consists of Feeding 
exhaustion following lack of food as a result 
of the constant vomiting. If a breast-fed 
baby suffers with whooping-cough, the feed- 
ing should be more frequent and less in quan- 
tity. The same rule applies to a bottle-fed 
baby. For example: If baby has been re- 
ceiving a bottle containing six ounces every 
three hours, he should, while the vomiting 
lasts, receive a bottle containing four ounces 
every two hours. If the swallowing of food 
provokes a coughing spasm and results in 
vomiting, then the food may be given, in some 
cases every hour. By this method baby will 



140 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

have a chance to obtain a little nourishment 
from his food before it is thrown oft". Con- 
centrated food, such as yolk of egg, white of 
egg, and steak juice, made by expressing the 
juice from broiled steak, may be given. Older 
children may receive custard, junket, cereal 
puddings and raw-scraped steak mixed with 
the yolk of an egg. Cod-liver oil in teaspoon- 
ful doses given three or four times a day will 
nourish the body. Medication does not, as 
a rule, help in this disease. Anti-spasmodic 
drugs such as bromide of sodium or phenace- 
tine, have a very soothing effect on the nervous 
system and insure rest at night, which is very 
necessary in infancy. A tight binder or adhe- 
sive plaster support for the chest will aid in 
relieving the force of the spasm. Whooping- 
cough runs its course in about twelve weeks ; 
plenty of fresh air night and day, or a change 
of air to the seashore or mountains, tends to 
shorten the disease. Whooping-cough is one 
of the most contagious diseases and if a well 
child is exposed to it he is pretty sure to show 
symptoms within three weeks after exposure. 

TUBERCULOSIS 

Tuberculosis frequently begins in infancy. 
Occasionally it follows a prolonged whooping- 
cough or bronchitis. It may also follow 
measles. Cough with fever, lasting several 



TUBERCULOSIS 141 

months, should always be regarded with sus- 
picion. 

Tuberculous children are languid, they per- 
spire easily at night, and lose in weight. 

The germs may enter the body by two chan- 
nels : first, by the stomach, with milk from a 
tuberculous cow ; second, by the lungs, through 
the inhalation of dust containing the germs, or 
the germs may penetrate the glands of the 
neck and cause meningitis. 

The baby should never be allowed to sit on 
the floor unless the same is covered with a 
large floor-pad or blanket which is frequently 
washed. Dried expectoration can be carried 
from the street, on the shoes, and so introduce 
the germs into the house. 

The tendency to tuberculosis is often in- 
herited in families with weak lungs. An out- 
door life, or sleeping on a porch with southern 
exposure will harden the child and aid in re- 
storing health. We must depend on fresh air 
and proper food ; drugs are useless. 



COLD IN THE HEAD 
RUNNING NOSE— CATARRH 

Head colds are very common. They are 
caused by catarrh germs usually inhaled with 
the street dust. When grippe is prevalent the 
influenza germ may give rise to a cold in the 



142 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

head and cause fever, peevishness, and swell- 
ing of the nostrils. The infant will be pre- 
vented from taking his bottle or nursing while 
this running nose exists. Sneezing, sniffling, 
and a running nose are the symptoms. If 
fever accompanies the cold one grain of phen- 
acetine in a teaspoonful of water repeated 
every four hours will sometimes relieve the 
catarrh. A running nose is frequently a symp- 
tom of adenoids and one of the earliest symp- 
toms of measles. Relief can be afforded by 
spraying the nose with warm water contain- 
ing a pinch of bicarbonate of soda, morning 
and evening. If the nostrils are plugged with 
mucus one or two drops of alboline or sweet 
oil should be dropt into the nostrils from 
a spoon or a medicine dropper. Older chil- 
dren can be allowed to sniff salt water into 
the nostrils. 

A weak solution of boracic acid sprayed into 
the nostrils several times a day will relieve 
the infant. To relieve the obstructed nostril, 
add one drop of camphor oil to two drops of 
warmed olive oil and put one drop into each 
nostril. If these mild remedies do not relieve 
the running nose it is safer to consult a physi- 
cian. Now and then what appears to be a 
simple head cold may be a mild form of diph- 
theria of the nostrils. It is usually met with 



SWOLLEN GLANDS 1 43 

in infants weakened by malnutrition and espe- 
cially those having rickets. 

MUMPS 
In mumps the glands of the neck situ- 
ated under the angle of the jaw be- 
come swollen. Sometimes both sides are af- 
fected. There is a loss of appetite, pain on 
opening the mouth and sometimes a slight 
fever. This disease can spread; hence all 
children must be kept away from it. If a 
child has been exposed he may develop symp- 
toms as late as two or three weeks. These 
cases get well very easily if a liquid diet is 
given, the bowels kept loose and the swollen 
parts protected with cotton and oil silk. 

SWOLLEN GLANDS 

Swollen glands may occur on the sides of 
the neck or below the jaw, under the arms or 
in the groins. These swellings may disappear 
of themselves, but when they remain for 
months we must suspect a constitutional dis- 
ease, such as tuberculosis or scrofula, to be 
the origin of the trouble. When glands swell 
on either side of the neck, the throat, espe- 
cially the tonsils, require examination. Swollen 
glands in the neck may be caused by diphtheria 
in the nostrils or throat, or by an abscess form- 
ing in the ear. Lice will sometimes cause 
swelling of the glands in the neck and back of 



144 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

the head Swollen glands will sometimes ap- 
pear in the armpits after vaccination. 

A proper examination should be made by 
the physician to determine the cause of the 
glandular swellings. 

ADENOIDS 

Adenoids consist of small masses of red- 
dened granulations resembling proud flesh. 
They occur in the back of the nose and on the 
pharynx. They can seldom be seen by look- 
ing into the throat, but can be felt by intro- 
ducing the finger into the throat. If the child 
snores at night, is restless and can not sleep, 
if it can not breathe through its nose and the 
mouth is used for breathing, then adenoids 
are very likely present. When catarrh recurs 
frequently, adenoids are usually present. Bed- 
wetting is frequently noted in children suffer- 
ing with adenoids. These children are peev- 
ish, sensitive and cry ; they are very nervous 
and must be coaxed to eat. They gag and 
vomit easily. They are usually very thin and 
frail and backward in development. They 
have a foul breath. 

Adenoids if untreated will obstruct the 
Eustachian tube and frequently cause deaf- 
ness. Restlessness and insomnia are frequently 
caused by adenoids. Children will lose weight 
and appear very pale if deprived of sleep. 



TONSILLITIS 145 

When adenoids are removed they gain in 
weight and strength. 

Deafness is frequently caused by adenoid Deafness 
vegetation in the throat. Deafness in children 
can frequently be cured by the simple removal 
of such growth. Catarrh, affecting the nose 
and throat, frequently closes the Eustachean 
tubes, resulting in deafness. The treatment is 
simple but can not be carried out by the aver- 
age mother or nurse. 

TONSILLITIS 

When a child refuses to eat and has fever 
the throat should be examined. If the tonsils 
are inflamed they will be either reddened or 
coated with whitish pin-point spots. The 
temperature may reach as high as 102-104 F. 
Until a physician can prescribe, citrate of 
magnesia may be given in wineglassful doses, 
as it will relieve the thirst and has a laxative 
effect. Cold cloths should be wrapt around 
the neck and small pieces of cracked ice or ice- 
cream may be given. 

This disease should be treated by a physi- 
cian to avoid having chronic enlarged tonsils 
which may require removal later on. 

RHEUMATISM 
When children complain of pain in their 
joints, such pain must not always be attributed 
to growing — it may be rheumatism. Many 



I46 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

cases of rheumatism with fatal heart disease 
have been traced back to supposed "growing 
pain." Very active exercise indulged in by 
children with feeble muscles and joints is fre- 
quently followed by pain mistaken for "grow- 
ing pains." There is always a cause for joint 
pain, and if such pain continues it is better 
to consult a physician. 



E 



CHAPTER VIII 

SKIN DISEASES 

ECZEMA 
CZEMA usually occurs as an inflamma- 
tory redness of the cheeks, arms and 
legs, especially between the thighs. It may 
occur at any age and is most frequently met 
with in the bottle-fed infant suffering with 
constipation and especially in babies suffer- 
ing with rickets. An excess of sugar is a 
frequent cause. It may also be the result of 
unsanitary measures such as permitting an 
infant to fall asleep and not change its soiled 
diaper. Fever does not accompany this con- 
dition. 

When eczema exists no soap should be used. 
The skin should be bathed in warm milk to 
which equal parts of bran water has been 
added. Bran water is made by adding one 
cupful of bran to one quart of hot water, al- 
lowed to soak for one-half hour, and then 
stirred occasionally and the liquid poured off. 
Oatmeal water may also be used to bathe the 
parts and will relieve the itching. After the 

147 



I48 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

bath apply zinc salve. Stop all sugar and 
cereals. Reduce the quantity of floury foods 
such as bread. A teaspoonful of rhubarb and 
soda should be given three times a day. In 
many cases it is better to stop all bathing as 
water seems to irritate the skin. If the eczema 
does not disappear within a few days after 
the above treatment a physician should be con- 
sulted. 

PRICKLY HEAT 

In summer during the extreme heat a finely 
mottled rash is sometimes found on the skin 
of children. This condition may also occur 
in winter if the child is too warmly drest. 
To relieve this, the flannels must be laid aside 
and only muslin or linen worn next to the 
skin. The body should be powdered with 
talcum or wheat flour after being washed with 
pure cold water. If itching accompanies this 
rash, a bran bath should be given. 

CHAFING 

Very tight underclothing or very warm 
clothing produce perspiration. If such per- 
spiration is very acid, it may cause irritation 
and by the friction of the clothing develop 
inflammation. When this continues the skin 
will appear highly inflamed and reddened, 
and at times develop crusts resembling eczema. 
When the buttocks or the genital tract is in- 



SKIN DISEASES I49 

flamed and reddened we will notice that the 
child moves its legs or an attempt to scratch 
is made by rubbing the thighs. If this con- 
dition persists for a number of days then the 
skin between the thighs will develop crusts 
and we have an eczema. Neglect to change 
a wet diaper may cause chafing. If a baby 
is soiled from stool and not properly cleaned, 
chafing may occur. 

Do not use water to bathe the child. Clean 
the chafed parts with sweet oil and dust liber- 
ally with cornstarch. Zinc salve should cover 
the inflamed parts and if they do not improve 
within twenty- four hours consult a physician. 

CHAPPED HANDS AND FACE 

A tender skin when exposed to severe wind 
will sometimes crack and the skin appear very 
rough. This condition is very likely to occur 
if the skin is not properly dried before going 
out in the cold weather. At times a slight 
oozing of blood may take place. Apply 
melted cocoa-butter, cold-cream or zinc salve 
three or four times a day and stop bathing 
with water for at least one week. 

SUNBURN 

A highly inflamed and reddened skin fre- 
quently results from exposure to the sun's 
rays. Camphor ice, zinc salve or sweet cream 
from top milk applied several times a day will 
remove this inflammation. 



I50 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

HIVES 

Round, red blotches, sometimes as large as 
a twenty-five cent piece, having a whitish 
center resembling a mosquito bite, may ap- 
pear on the skin. They frequently follow a 
disordered stomach. These blotches come and 
go very quickly and require cooling with bak- 
ing-soda moistened with cold water and made 
into a paste. As a rule a dose of castor oil 
or a teaspoon ful of rhubarb and soda mixture 
for a baby one year old may be repeated once 
every three hours until the bowels are 
thoroughly cleansed. For a baby six months 
old one-half the dose should be given. It is 
a good plan to stop all milk for at least one 
or two days, and give instead sweetened rice- 
water or chicken broth. In an older child 
stop eggs or meat one or two days and give 
buttermilk instead. Plenty of water should 
be permitted. 

BOILS 

Boils are abscesses of the skin and usually 
occur on the head and neck. They are most 
frequently due to local infections. When 
these boils occur on the scalp the hair should 
be trimmed around the boil and an incision 
will be necessary to empty the pus. All boils 
require careful antiseptic dressings which 
should be applied by a trained nurse or a 
physician. 



SKIN DISEASES 151 

MOSQUITO BITES 

To remove the heat from a sting of an in- 
sect or mosquito, the parts should be bathed 
with spirits of camphor or pure alcohol. If 
a child resides in a locality where mos- 
quitoes abound, he should be screened both 
night and day. The germ of malaria can be 
carried by a mosquito and an infant may be 
infected through its bite. Sprinkling the pil- 
low and bedclothing with a teaspoonful of 
alcohol to which ten drops of oil of sassafras 
has been added, has a tendency to keep mos- 
quitoes away. 

RINGWORM 

A ringworm produces a round, red mark 
about the size of a twenty-five cent piece, 
sometimes larger. It is most frequently found 
on the forehead or scalp ; it may, however, 
attack any part of the body. It is caused 
by a fungus which can be conveyed from per- 
son to person. If it appears on the scalp the 
hair should be cut short and the affected part 
painted with tincture of iodine. The cap, 
towel and everything coming in contact with 
the ringworm should be destroyed or it will 
convey the disease. 



CHAPTER IX 
ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES 

BURNS 

IF the burn is mild and the skin but slightly 
broken, dust cornstarch or wheat flour 
over the burned area. Exclude air from the 
wound with a gauze bandage. If the burn is 
severe and blisters have been raised they 
should be opened with a new, clean needle, 
and after the water has been emptied from the 
blisters, linseed oil and lime water in equal 
parts should be applied by saturating steril- 
ized cheese-cloth or clean linen. No one 
should think of treating a severe burn without 
consulting a physician. 

SPLINTERS 

If a splinter enters the flesh it should be 
removed with the aid of a clean, sharp needle 
and the part bathed thoroughly with witch- 
hazel. If a needle-point is imbedded and is 
difficult to dislodge a physician should be con- 
sulted. Frequently needle-points become so 
deeply lodged that an X-Ray examination must 
be made to locate them. 
152 



ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES 1 53 

BUMPS AND CUTS 

If a child falls and has a bump or a bruise, 
ice-cold cloths or cotton saturated with lead 
and opium wash should be applied. In the 
absence of lead and opium wash witch-hazel 
may be applied. 

If the skin is lacerated or torn and bleeds 
freely the wound should be washed with a 
i per cent, carbolic solution or with half- 
strength peroxide solution. It is necessary to 
wash the wound at least twice a day and ap- 
ply a piece of sterilized gauze and a bandage 
over the wound. No one should dress a wound 
without thoroughly scrubbing his finger-nails 
and hands. By introducing dirt from fingers 
or nails blood-poisoning can result. 

If blood spurts from the wound, an artery 
has been cut and we should tie a handkerchief 
or a stout piece of muslin over the wound un- 
til a physician can be summoned. 

If the cut is very slight it may be washed in 
equal parts of peroxide and boiled water and 
tied with a clean piece of linen. 

FOREIGN BODIES 

If an infant has swallowed a whistle, a but- !" 1 th ® 

Throat 

ton, a pin or similar object, and shows signs 
of difficulty with breathing the object swal- 
lowed has probably not passed far down, but 



In the 

Stomach 



154 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

been caught in the throat. Holding the baby 
with its head down and tapping him firmly on 
the back will sometimes dislodge the foreign 
body; if not, the mother should try to reach 
it with her finger. If breathing becomes more 
labored and the lips turn blue give a teaspoon 
of sirup of ipecac to produce vomiting. 

If there is no difficulty with breathing we 
know the object has safely passed the throat 
and reached the stomach. Then do not give 
anything to make him vomit ; nor give a cathar- 
tic as it may do harm by hurrying the object 
too rapidly through the intestine. Give the 
baby thickened pap, and potato or bread 
soaked in milk. These foods will help form 
a soft coating and bring it through the stomach 
and intestines. The stools should be examined 
daily until the object is passed. This usually 
requires from two to four days, occasionally 
a week or ten days. If, however, a child shows 
any symptoms of pain or distress he should 
immediately be taken to a physician for an 
A'-ray examination, 
in the Hold the lids apart and with the aid of a 

small piece of linen, try to remove the foreign 
substance. An eyestone or flaxseed placed 
in the corner of the eye will sometimes remove 
the foreign substance. If the foreign body is 
not easily dislodged, do not tamper with the 
eye, but call in a physician. 



ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES I55 

If a very young infant has a foreign body J" the 
in the nose, tickle the nostril by inserting a 
soft, dry feather. This will make him sneeze. 
In an older child the free nostril may be held 
shut and the child instructed to blow through 
the obstructed nostril. 

No one but a physician or a trained nurse 
should attempt to syringe a nose, as there is 
danger of the liquid flowing through the nos- 
tril into the middle ear and causing an abscess. 

An insect can usually be dislodged from in the 
the ear by pouring one or more drops of sweet 
oil into the ear. A bead or similar substance 
can be removed by syringing the ear with 
lukewarm water. Do not use any hairpins or 
button-hooks to dislodge foreign bodies. As 
a rule, more harm can be done by meddling 
with a deep-seated substance than by leaving 
the ear alone until a physician can be con- 
sulted. 

POISONING 

The general treatment for poisoning is to 
rid the stomach as quickly as possible of the 
poison taken. This is done by emetics, such 
as a teaspoon ful of mustard or alum in a 
glass of lukewarm water, or lukewarm salt 
water, or a teaspoonful of ipecac, and then 
warm water, repeated every five minutes until 
vomiting has been produced. Then one or 
two teaspoonfuls of castor oil should be given. 



I56 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

If an acid such as carbolic or oxalic has been 
swallowed, then olive oil should be forced 
down the child's throat. Bicarbonate of soda 
and water may be given if any acid has been 
swallowed. Warm or cold milk may be given 
as an antidote to any poison, until the physi- 
cian arrives and uses the stomach-pump to 
empty the stomach of its poisonous contents. 
If an overdose of soothing sirup or too much 
paregoric has been given, keep the baby awake 
by almost any means, such as slapping with a 
towel wet in cold water, or if the child is old 
enough walk him constantly up and down, or 
give a mustard foot-bath, until a doctor can 
get there. Give several drops of whisky in 
water, and repeat every ten minutes. If the 
stupor persists combine whisky with hot coffee. 

BLEEDING 

If the scalp bleeds, wash it with equal parts 
of peroxide and lukewarm water. Cut any 
hair away. Apply a thick piece of gauze and 
tie a bandage tightly. If a large scalp wound 
is seen then call a physician as a stitch may 
be necessary. Before touching any bleeding 
surface be sure to wash the hands as the 
slightest particle of dirt may cause an infec- 
tion. An infection frequently results in 
poisoning. 

When bleeding comes from any part of the 



ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES 157 

body apply styptic cotton to the bleeding sur- 
face and bandage tightly. Powdered alum 
sprinkled on absorbent cotton is also useful to 
stop bleeding. 

If the finger is cut or scratched and bleeds, 
wash it in clean, cold water and bandage 
tightly with a clean bandage. 

Nosebleed can be stopt by inserting into Nosebleed 
the bleeding nostril a small piece of absorbent 
cotton soaked in tincture of iron. Small pieces 
of ice held against the nose will frequently 
stop the bleeding. 

In case baby is bitten by a pet cat or dog, Cat or 

«.• X. u 1 i. *lZ D °9 Bite 

or, as sometimes happens, by a playmate, the 
parts should be washed with clean water, then 
apply tincture of iodine directly on the wound. 
If the bite is more than skin deep send for 
the physician. 



A 



CHAPTER X 
EYE, EAR AND MOUTH 

EYES 

T birth in every hospital and in private 
houses the physician and midwife should 
drop one drop of a 2 per cent, solution of 
nitrate of silver on the eyeball. This will 
prevent an infection of pus germs. This is 
the only safe means of preventing eye trouble, 
crusted If baby wakes up in the morning with a 

Eyelids c0 ^ - m t ^ e h ea( j he may find pus oozing from 

the eyes, and also find that the lids are glued 
together by this pus drying and forming 
crusts. These crusts can be softened and 
loosened from the eyelashes by soaking them 
in boric acid solution (a pinch of boric acid 
to a wineglassful of lukewarm water) applied 
on absorbent cotton. The lids should be 
bathed with this solution several times a day 
and after each bathing borated vaselin on cot- 
ton thoroughly applied. 

153 



EYES 159 

Many babies within two or three days after " Sor ® 
birth, sometimes later, have what is com- 
monly called "sore eyes." The eyelids be- 
come reddened and swollen, and later pus will 
be seen in the eyes. The child looks as tho 
it had "caught cold in the eyes." The proper 
name for this condition is ophthalmia. It is ophthalmia 
caused by a germ getting into the baby's eyes 
during birth. The physician's attention should 
be called to this at once. Neglect and care- 
lessness may result in blindness. 



EARS 

When the baby has earache he will cry 
and scream continuously. As a rule he 
will put his hand to the affected side of 
his head, or press his head deep into the pil- 
low. Babies suffering with earache invariably 
rub their gums so that they sometimes con- 
vey the impression that they are teething. In 
some instances the head will be thrown back 
and the baby will appear to have a spasm of 
the muscles of the neck. When the affected 
ear is touched, baby will usually jump and 
scream with pain. 

A small hot-water bag should be covered 
and placed on the pillow and the baby allowed 
to rest his head on it. If this does not help 
the ear should be syringed with warm chamo- 



l60 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

mile tea or with a teacupful of warm water 
containing one-half teaspoonful of bicarbonate 
of soda. A small bag containing salt may 
be warmed and applied for its dry warmth 
behind the ear. Do not stick hairpins or other 
substances into the middle ear, but rather con- 
sult a physician if the symptoms do not sub- 
side after these remedies have been tried. 

Running A running ear that follows influenza, meas- 

les or scarlet fever requires careful antiseptic 
treatment. There is always a possibility of 
the pus extending through into the deeper por- 
tions known as the mastoid cells. 

For a simple running ear, the ear may be 
washed with a teacupful of warm water con- 
taining one teaspoonful of bicarbonate of 
soda. This should be slowly injected into 
the ear by means of a small glass ear syringe. 
Powdered alum or boric acid, one-half tea- 
spoonful to a half pint of warm water, tem- 
perature 105 F., may be syringed into the 
ear night and morning. 

If there is a catarrhal discharge from one 
or both ears lasting several weeks, which does 
not improve with syringing, then the throat 
should be examined for the presence of 
adenoids. 

^rejecting Projecting ears can be corrected by having 

the baby wear a thin but tight-fitting cap every 
night and during the day while asleep. The 



MOUTH l6l 

younger the baby is, the easier this trouble will 
be corrected. At any age it will take months 
of constant treatment. 

SPRUE— SORE MOUTH 

The tender mouth of a new-born infant can 
easily be infected with an unclean nipple or 
pacifier containing disease germs. This may 
result in an infection of the mouth called 
sprue. 

The yellowish or yellowish-white spots seen 
on the tongue, cheeks and gums are usually 
due to a fungus growth which spreads rapidly. 
While there is no danger to the child's life, it 
will interfere with the appetite and digestion, 
and should not be neglected. A local applica- 
tion of one drop of pure carbolic acid 
thoroughly mixed with one teaspoon of gly- 
cerin and one teaspoon of water, and applied 
with absorbent cotton, once or twice a day is 
sufficient to destroy these spots. If, however, 
they do not respond to this treatment within 
a reasonable time a physician should be called. 

One-third of a teaspoonful of borax and 
honey given three times a day, or several 
drops of glycerin dropt into the mouth 
after each feeding will frequently relieve this 
condition. 

Stagnant milk in the mouth, especially in a 
feverish child, can produce soreness and ulcer- 



1 62 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

ation. A drink of water after each feeding is 
sufficient to cleanse the mouth and prevent 
the condition. In obstinate cases boric acid 
powder dusted into the mouth may be required. 
Attention to the bowels to avoid constipation 
is necessary in every case of sore mouth. 



CHAPTER XI 
BAD HABITS, ETC. 

THUMB-SUCKING 

THE habit of thumb-sucking is usually 
formed at or about the period of denti- 
tion. An irritant gum will seem to be relieved 
by the pressure of the finger. This habit may 
continue long after the child is through teeth- 
ing. It is met with more frequently than 
any other habit in early childhood, and fre- 
quently results in thickened and protruding 
lips. The upper jaw is sometimes forced out 
of shape by the pressure of the thumb back 
of the teeth, thus crowding the nasal passage 
and preventing a normal breathing process. 
This repeated day after day spoils the shape 
of a pretty mouth, and frequently the thumb 
and lips are blistered from the vigor of the 
sucking. 

The habit once formed is hard to break. 
Very few cases will of their own accord stop 
the habit. Reasoning, pleading and punish- 
ment are of little avail. If the child is 
shamed, it will seek seclusion and indulge 
163 



164 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

in the habit at night, thus slyness and deceit 
will develop. 

Thumb-sucking frequently leads to nail- 
biting. It is far more easy to prevent the 
habit, than to cure it once it is formed. As 
often as the thumb is put in the mouth, it 
should be gently but firmly removed, never 
should it be left there long enough for the 
habit to be formed. The application of tinc- 
ture of aloes or a 2 per cent, quinine solution 
to the fingers will in many instances break up 
this habit, owing to the bitter taste. These 
solutions should not be applied as a punish- 
ment. The cooperation of the child should be 
sought, and by perseverance its self-will 
strengthened. 

If the habit has been indulged in for months, 
mechanical restraint may be necessary. The 
Hand-I-Hold mitts,* procurable at any drug 
store, are convenient. They are easily ap- 
plied and do not limit the freedom of the arms 
or fingers. They are made of aluminum, ven- 
tilated with holes, and finished with a soft 
sleeve to go over the baby's wrist, are light in 
weight and can be washed and boiled. There 
are four sizes to fit children from three months 
to seven years. 

# Manufactured by R. M. Clark & Co., Boston, Mass. 



BAD HABITS, ETC. 165 

NAIL-BITING 

Nail-biting is usually found in nervous 
children and is especially noticed when these 
children are frightened. Correction by rea- 
soning, scolding or spanking is seldom effec- 
tual. Place gloves on the child's hands con- 
stantly day and night as a reminder. If the 
habit continues in spite of the gloves, apply 
tincture of aloes to the nails and finger-tips 
night and morning. 

BED-WETTING 

When children over three years of age wet 
the bed at night a distinct reason for the same 
exists. In a boy a tight foreskin may cause 
irritation and require circumcision. In girls 
worms wandering from the rectum into the 
vagina may irritate the opening of the blad- 
der. At times the urine is at fault and must 
be corrected by proper diet. Meat should be 
stopt. Milk, eggs and fruit may be given. 
The foot of the bed should be elevated and 
the bladder emptied the last thing before re- 
tiring. Electricity may be necessary to restore 
the tone if weak bladder muscles exist. Elec- 
tricity should only be given by a physician. 

MASTURBATION 

By masturbation is meant playing with or 
fumbling the genital organs. This is usually 
done with the hand or by rubbing the thighs 



l66 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 

together. When very young infants mastur- 
bate they rub their thighs together continu- 
ously until exhausted. They become very 
red in the face, and when restrained become 
very irritable. When older children mastur- 
bate they become very pale and anemic, 
they are absent-minded and shy, they fre- 
quently complain of headaches and are 
very irritable. This is not always a bad 
habit, but frequently is caused by some ab- 
normality of the genital parts. In such cases 
nothing but surgical relief will effect a cure. 
It may be caused by an irritation due to an 
elongated or firmly adherent foreskin, or in 
girls when the skin over the clitoris is adher- 
ent. It may also be caused by the presence 
of worms or if the genital parts are not kept 
clean. Moral training is useless if any irri- 
tation exists which excites this desire, there- 
fore as soon as this habit is noted the child 
should receive prompt medical aid. All chil- 
dren should be constantly watched to see if 
this habit is forming and they should never be 
permitted to sleep with their hands under the 
bedclothing. 

In older children the habit is hard to detect. 
A consciousness that they are doing some- 
thing wrong early leads even young children 
to get by themselves when they repeat the 
habit. One of the surest ways of detecting 



BAD HABITS, ETC. 167 

this habit is to examine the fingers of the 
child after it has fallen asleep. The odor of 
the genital organs is strong and can easily be 
detected on the fingers. 

If the foreskin is tight and has a pin-point Tight 
opening it may cause a series of symptoms, Foresk '" 
among them bed-wetting, irritability and in- 
somnia. Such children usually fumble with 
the parts as there is constant irritation. 

In some cases we can widen the foreskin 
with a dilator. This should only be at- 
tempted by a physician. With proper oiling 
every day relief is frequently given. If this 
stretching does not give permanent relief from 
the sleeplessness and the irritability then we 
must resort to circumcision. 

The operation of circumcision is very sim- circum- 
ple. Many cases of nervousness, such as St. cls,lon 
Vitus dance, can be cured by this operation. 
When adhesions of the foreskin form and 
there is a contracted prepuce, then circum- 
cision will be demanded. 

When girls fumble with the genitals or com- Adherent 

„ & & „ , Clitoris 

plain of an irritation, it is usually due to a 
cheese-like deposit underneath the hood or 
cover of the clitoris. 

A simple operation, preferably with a mild 
anesthetic, is necessary to remove the cheesy 
smegma and thus remove the cause of the 
irritation. 



CHAPTER XII 
WORMS— NIGHT TERRORS 

WORMS 

AFTER the first year when children receive 
l some solid food in addition to their 
milk diet they may be troubled with worms. 
The majority of children seen by me, whose 
mothers suspect worms, rarely, if ever, have 
worms. Thread-like worms resembling spool 
cotton can be plainly seen when examining 
the rectum. As a rule there is an intense 
itching which compels the child to scratch. 
Restlessness at night and loss of appetite are 
rarely due to worms. It is true that an oc- 
casional case may be troubled with worms, 
but let a physician see the child and let him 
administer the worm medicine rather than run 
the risk of giving powerful medicines which 
are not at all necessary. 

Round worms, five or six inches long and 
brown in color, have been seen by me in young 
children. About two cases out of one hun- 
dred in which worms were suspected by the 
mother have really proven to be worm cases. 
168 



WORMS, NIGHT TERRORS 1 69 

When tapeworm is present we usually have 
loss of flesh, altho the child will take a fair 
amount of nourishment. It is only these tape- 
worm cases, found in children between six and 
twelve years of age and requiring careful diet 
besides expulsive treatment, that need cause 
any concern. Severe bleeding from the bowel 
has been seen by me when an anxious mother 
gave a strong patent tapeworm medicine, 
thinking that the child had worms. 

Sometimes children will suddenly awaken Night 
from a sound sleep and shriek or scream; errors 
others will grasp any object within reach, and 
sometimes imagine that animals are in the 
room. Too rigid discipline or fright may pro- 
voke bad dreams and give rise to distinct 
hysteria. Such attacks may be provoked by 
intestinal worms, dyspeptic or intestinal de- 
rangement. The irritation of an elongated 
prepuce or a tight foreskin may cause night 
terrors. Masturbation in the male or female 
child will cause bad dreams and distinct nerv- 
ous symptoms. 

While many cases are due to intestinal 
colic and an overloaded stomach, there are 
cases caused by brain disease, especially those 
cases having bulging of the soft spot on the 
top of the scalp. Cases' of water on the brain 
(hydrocephalus) frequently have night ter- 
rors. This is called hydrocephalic cry. 



Poultice 



CHAPTER XIII 

EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS, AND 
THE MEDICINE CHEST 

Fiaxs-ed TNTO a pint of boiling water stir flaxseed, 
JL also known as linseed, until it forms a paste 
just thick enough to flow from a spoon; add 
a tablespoonful of sweet oil or glycerin ; spread 
it one-half inch thick between two layers of 
cheese-cloth ; apply where directed and cover 
with a layer of cotton, warm flannel or oil silk. 
If the part to be poulticed is anointed with 
sweet oil or vaselin before the poultice is ap- 
plied, no blisters will be raised. 

Mustard To make a mustard poultice take one tea- 

spoonful of mustard and six teaspoonfuls of 
wheat-flour, add two teaspoonfuls of sweet oil 
or glycerin and enough warm water to make 
it into a thick paste. Spread between two 
layers of cheese-cloth, and apply to the part 
directed, after anointing the same with vase- 
lin. This poultice can be left on only a few 
minutes and when removed the skin should 
again be anointed with vaselin or dusted with 
cornstarch. 

170 



Poultice 



EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS I7I 

To give a mustard foot-bath, tie one table- Mustard 

f . Foot- Bath 

spoonful of German mustard into a cheese- 
cloth bag. Let this soak for a few minutes in 
a foot-tub containing two quarts of warm 
water, temperature 105 F. The feet should 
be immersed to above the ankles for about two 
minutes. On removing the feet, place them 
near a hot-water bottle or wrap them in a 
warmed towel. 

A turpentine stupe is made by adding one- Turpentine 
half teaspoonful of spirits of turpentine to stupe 
one pint of boiling hot water and mixing 
thoroughly. Dip two thicknesses of flannel 
into this turpentine and water and wring out 
until it does not drip. Apply where directed 
and cover with a large piece of cotton or oil 
silk. 

A pneumonia jacket should be shaped like Pneumonia 
baby's sleeveless shirt. A layer of cotton is 
placed between a layer of cheese-cloth and one 
of oil silk. The edges are turned in and the 
three layers pasted together. The shoulder 
seams or straps may be sewed together or tied 
with tapes. The front is closed by means of 
tapes sewed on either side. The jacket is 
worn with the layer of cheese-cloth next to 
the skin. Two jackets should be made so as 
to have a change when one gets moist. 

A hot-water bottle should be half-filled with Hofc Wate «* 
hot water, the air expelled by pressing the 



172 



THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



empty part of the bag together, and the top 
screwed on. The bag should then be held up- 
side down to see if the water drips. Draw 
over the bottle a flannel cover or sew the bottle 
in a square of flannel. 
ce-Bag An ice-bag should be half-filled with crusht 

ice, the air expelled and the top screwed on. 
If an intense cold is desired a little common 
salt may be added to the crusht ice. A 
layer of moist cheese-cloth or cotton should 
be laid between the bag and the skin, other- 
wise the extreme cold is painful. If the weight 
of the bag is uncomfortable to the patient, 
especially if applied to the head, then the bag 
may be wrapt in cheese-cloth and pinned 
to tae pillow, so suspended as to barely allow 
it to touch the head. The bag must be refilled 
before all the ice has melted. 
Cold Cold compresses are made of three or four 

compresses thicknesses of linen wrung out of cold water 
and applied where directed. Two compresses 
should be used, one of which is kept in the 
cold water while the other is on the patient. 
Enema (To To give a simple enema, ordinary suds are 
wash the d ith cast ji e or glycerin soap and warm 

BOWd) o -r-. A r 

water, temperature ioo F. A fountain syringe 
should be used, to which an infant's size noz- 
zle is attached. Fill the bag with the amount 
of suds ordered (usually one or two pints) 
and anoint the nozzle with vaselin. Open the 



THE MEDICINE CHEST 173 

spring clasp on the tube and allow the air 
and a few ounces of water to escape. Gently 
insert the nozzle into baby's rectum and allow 
the water to flew in a slow, steady stream, the 
bag being held about two feet over the baby's 
body. 

A chamomile injection is made and givtn Chamomile 
in the same manner as a simple enema, only njec l0n 
chamomile tea, temperature ioo°F., made by 
steeping one tablespoonful of chamomile 
flowers in a quart of boiling water, is used 
instead of the soap suds. 

THE MEDICINE CHEST 

The baby should have his own ointments, 
fountain syringe, etc. These should be kept 
in the nursery away from disinfectants and 
poisonous drugs. A list of the articles should 
be pasted on the inside of the door of the 
medicine closet so that in an emergency any- 
one may know whether a certain looked-for 
article can be found. 

Whether or not the closet contains poisons 
such as paregoric, the door should always be 
kept locked, for an overdose of many drugs, 
whether poisonous or not, should be avoided. 

The key should be kept out of the children's 
reach, in a safe but accessible place known to 
all the adults. 

When the baby travels or when going to 



174 THE HEALTH-CARE OF THE BABY 



the country, a full and fresh supply of all 
drugs and requisites he is likely to need should 
be taken along. The following list should be 
supplied and will meet almost all emergencies: 



Castor oil 

Glycerin suppositories 

Aromatic sirup of rhu- 
barb 

Calcined magnesia 

Essence of peppermint 

Sweet spirits of niter 

Sirup of ipecac 

German mustard 
(ground) 

Chamomile flowers 
(German) 

Alcohol 

Witch-hazel 

Glycerin 

Glycerin soap 

Vaselin 

Zinc salve 



Bicarbonate of soda 
Boric acid powder 
Pure talcum powder 
Eyestone or flaxseed 
Absorbent cotton 
Cheese-cloth 
Gauze and muslin ban- 
dage 
Linseed oil and lime 

water 
Tincture of iodine 
Thermometer 
Medicine dropper 
Medicine glass 
Ice-bag 

Hot-water bottle 
Fountain syringe 
Small glass syringe 



INDEX 



Abdominal band, 21, 39. 
Abscess. See Boils. 
Abnormal movements, 42. 
Accidents, 152. 
Adenoids, 5, 8, 142, 144. 
Air, fresh, 5. 

night, 8. 
Airing the baby, 5, 35. 

the bedclothes, 4. 
Albumin water, 106. 
Alcohol sponge bath, 127. 
Ankle support, 25. 
Antidotes for poison, 155. 
Appetite, loss of, 47, 122. 
Arrowroot pudding, 105. 
Artificial feeding, 66. 
Asparagus tips, creamed, 102. 

B 

Baby carriage. See Carriage. 

Backward children, 31. 

Bad habits. 44, 163. 

Baked flour, 109. 

Bald spot, 121. 

Bananas, 101. 

Band, flannel, 21. 

knit, 21. 
Earley gruel, 106. 

flour, 106. 

water, 106. 
Bath, alcohol sponge, 127. 

bran, 147. 

cold sponge, 34. 

daily, 18. 



Bath, first, 12. 

how to give, 12. 

oatmeal, 18, 147. 

oil, 12. 

requisites for, 12. 

sea salt, 123. 

sun, 122. 

thermometer, 13. 

when to give, 17. 
Bathing, apron, 13. 

the ears, 15. 

the eyes, 17. 

the foreskin, 15. 

the mouth, 16. 

the nose, 15. 

the scalp, 15. 

when to stop, 18. 
Beans, creamed, 102. 
Bed, 4. 

Bedwetting, 144, 165. 
Beef, scraped, 109. 

broth, 107. 

juice, 107. 
Beet greens, creamed, 102, 
Bib, drooling, 26, 47. 
Bites, cat, 157. 

dog, 157. 

mosquito, 151. 
Bladder, 41. 
Blankets, 25. 

pinning, 24. 
Bleeding, 153, 156. 

gums, 123. 

nose, 123, 157. 
Blindness, 159. 
Blisters, 152. 



175 



i 7 6 

Boggins' window-crib, 6, 7, 8, 

I39 - ... 
Boiled milk, 73. 

rice, 104. 
Boils, 150. 

Boric acid solution, 16. 
Bottle feeding, 71, 76. 

utensils required for, 71. 
Bottles. 71. 

how to clean, 71 • 
Bowels, loose, 73, 79. 80, 85. 

See also Movements. 
Bow-legs, 22, 121. 
Bran bath, 147. 
Breast feeding, 53. 56. 
Breast milk, 53, 60. 

poor, 65. 
Broths. 107. 
Bruises, 123, 153. 
Bumps, 153. 
Burns. 152. 
Buttermilk, 109. 



Candy. 1 01. 
Cane sugar, 6o. 

Carbolic acid poisoning, 155. 
Carriage. 36. 

feeding in, 37. 

sitting up in, 37. 

sleeping in, 37. 

ts, creamed. 102. 
Carrying the baby, 34- 
Catarrh, Ift 141- 

caused by adenoids, 144. 
the eyes, 9. 
Cat bite. 157- 
Cathartics, 120. 
Cereals. 103. 
Certified milk. 66, 68. 
Chafing, 148. 

Chair, toilet. See Commode. 
Chamomile injections, 173. 
Chapped hands and face, 149- 



INDEX 



Chicken broth, 107. 
Chicken-pox, 133. 
Chocolate candy, 101. 
Circumcision, 167. 
Clothing, 21. 
at night, 27. 
how to put on, 26. 
street, 28. 

too much, 27, 122, 148. 
when to shorten, 26. 
Coddled egg, 108. 
Cold in the head, 6, 17, 19, W> 
Cold spinal douche, 14. 

sponge baths, 34. 
Colic, 38. /8, 114- 
Colostrum, 56. 
Commode, toilet, 40. 
Compresses, cold, 17-. 
Condensed milk, 61, 84, 122. 
Constipation, 54, 73, &), n 7- 
due to boiled milk, 73. 
massage for, 118. 
Constitutional diseases contra- 
indicating nursing, 59- 
Contagious diseases and fev- 
ers, 128. 
Convulsions. 116, 125, 128. 
Corn, grated, 102. 
Cornmeal, steamed, 104. 
Cornstarch pudding, 105. 
Cough, 19. 
croupy, 135- 
whooping, 138. 
Cows' milk, 66. 

to preserve, 67. 
Creamed vegetables, 103. 
Cream of wheat, steamed, 104. 
Cream or top-milk feeding, 67, 

04. 
Creeping. 34. 
Crib. See Bed. 

window, 8, 139. 
Croup, false, 135. 
kettle, 135- 
true, 136. 



INDEX 



177 



Crushed oats, steamed, 105. 

Crusted eyelids, 158. 

Crying, 37, 38, 159- 

Cry, normal, 37. 

Curds in the stool, 78, 82. 

Custard, 108. 

Cuts, 153, 156. 

Cutting of teeth. See Dentition. 



Deafness, 145. 
Dentition, 47. 

delayed teething, 49. 
Development, 29. 
Dextri-maltose, 69. 
Diapers, 22, 148. 

paper, 23. 

quilted pad, 22. 
Diarrhea, 79, 80. 
Diet, during diarrheal period, 
80. 

during fever, 127. 

during weaning, 63. 

for a child of three years 
and older, 100. 

for a nursing woman, 59. 

for a dyspeptic infant, 78. 

for a new-born infant, 90. 

from birth to one year, 90. 

from twelve to eighteen 
months, 97. 

from one and one-half to 
two and one-half years, 98. 
Dietary, 90. 

candy, 101. 

cereals, 103. 

fruits, 101. 

miscellaneous recipes, 106. 

vegetables, 102. 
Digestion, weak, 82. 
Diphtheria, 134. 

of nose, 142. 
Discharge, leucorrhceal, 9. 
Disinfection, 129. 



Dog bite, 157. 
Dress, 24. 
Dried milk, 85. 
Drooling, 26, 30, 47. 

bib, 26. 
Drugs for constipation, 120. 

for the medicine chest, 174. 
Dusting, 3, 
Dyspeptic baby, feeding of, 78. 

caused by overfeeding, 53. 



Earache, 38, 159. 

Ears, foreign bodies in, 155. 

projecting, 160. 

running, 160. 

to clean, 15. 
Eczema, 147. 
Egg, hard-cooked yolk, 109. 

soit-cooked, 108. 

water. See Albumin Water. 
Emergencies, 152. 

drugs for, 174. 
Emergency feeding, See Sub- 
stitute feeding, 60, 82. 
Enema, 119, 126, 172. 
Eruption, 18, 127. 

in chicken-pox, 134. 

in eczema, 147. 

hives, 150. 

on nursemaid, 10. 
Erysipelas, 45. 
Exercise, 34. 

Experimental feeding, 10. 
External applications. 170. 
Evaporated milk, 61, 84, 127. 
Eyelids, crusted, 158. 
Eyes, sore, 159. 

to clean, 17. 



Face, chapped, 149. 
False croup, 135. 



i 7 8 

Farina, steamed, 105. 
Fat-free milk. 67, 82. 
Feeding a baby with weak 
digestion, 78, 82. 
amount required, 70. 
a normal baby, 75- 
artificial, 66. 
breast, 53, 56. 
boiled milk, 73- 
bottle, 71. 

condensed milk. See Evap- 
orated milk, 61, 84, 127. 
cream or top-milk, 67, 94- 
dried milk, 85. 
during constipation, 11 7- 
during diarrheal period, 79- 

80. 
during fever, 127. 
during the day, 56. 
emergency, 60, 82. 
evaporated milk, 61, 84. I2 /- 
experimental, 10. 
fat-free milk, 67, 82. 
general, rules, 75- 
mixed, 65. 
out of doors, 37- 
pasteurized milk, 68. 
skimmed milk, 67, 82. 
substitute, 60, 84. 
top-milk, 67, 94- „ 
Fever, 18, 48, 125, 128. 

scarlet, 132. 
Finger-nail biting, 165. 
Finger-nails, 17. 
First outing, 3> 
Flaxseed poultice, 170. 
Flour-ball, 109. 
Fontanel, 15, 31. I21 - . 
Food formulae. See Diets, 
amount required, 77- 
home preparation of, 76. 
Horlick's. 74, 89. 
Malted milk, 80, 118. 
Mellin's, 70, 81. 
Nestle s, 80, 89. 



INDEX 



Food, patent, 87". 

recipes, 102, 106. 
Foot bath, mustard, 171. 
Foreign bodies in the ear, 1 55* 

in the eye, 154- 

in the nose, 154. 

in the throat, 153. 

in the stomach, 153- 
Foreskin, tight, 163, 166. 

to clean, 15. 
Foul breath, 16, 144- 
Fresh air, 5. 
Fright, 39. 

Fruit juices, 73, 9 2 , n& 
Fruits, 101. 

for constipation, 118. 



Gelatine pudding, 108. 
General rules for contagious 

diseases and fevers, 128. 
German measles, I3I> 
Glands, swollen. 134. 143- 
Go-cart. See Carnage. 
Granulated sugar, 69. 
Growing pains, 145- 
Growth, 29. 
Gruels, 106. 
Guaranteed milk, 66. 
Gums, bleeding, 123. 

lancing of, 49- 

spongy, 123. 

H 

Hair, 17. 29. 
Hand-I-Hold mitts, 164. 
Hands, chapped, 149- 
Hardening, 14- 

by cold sponge baths, 34. 
Headache, 124, 132, 166. 
Heating the nursery, 9. 
Height, 29. 
Hiccup, 115. 
Hives, 150. 



INDEX 



179 



Home preparation of food, 71. 
Hominy, steamed, 104. 
Horlick's food, 74, 89. 
Hot water bottle, 171. 
How to hold the baby while 
nursing, 57. 



Ice-bag, 172. 

Ideal window ventilator, 5. 

Infant food, preparation of, 71, 

76. 
Infantile paralysis, 136. 
Injection, 120. See also Enema. 
Insomnia caused by adenoids, 

144. 

See also Sleeplessness, 43. 
Isolation, 129. 



Jacket pneumonia, 171. 
Jaundice, 124. 
Joints, swollen, 123, 145. 
Junket, 107. 

K 

Kicking, 34. 

Kohlrabi, creamed, 109. 



Lactic acid milk, 109. 
Lactose, 69. 
Lancing of gums, 49. 
Laxative, 73. See also Cathar- 
tic. 
Legs, bow, 22, 121. 
Lemonade, nutritious, 106. 
Length. See Growth. 
Lettuce, creamed, 102. 
Leucorrhceal discharge, 9. 
Light, 3. 
Linseed poultice, 170. 



Loose bowels, 73, 79, 80, 85. 
Loss of appetite, 47, 122. 

M 

Malted milk food, 80, 118. 
Maltose or malt sugar, 69, 95. 
Malt soup, no. 

Massage for constipation, 118. 
Masturbation, 44, 165. 
Mattress, 4. 
Meals. See Diet. 
Measles, 130. 

German, 131. 
Medicine chest, 173. 
Mellin's food, 70, 81, 118. 
Menstruation during nursing 

period, 60. 
Mental development, 30. 
Milk, average amount required 
daily, 76, 77. 

boiled, 73. 

breast, 56. 

certified, 66. 

condensed, 99. 

cows', 65, 66. 

dried, 85. 

evaporated, 61, 84, 127. 

for a baby with weak diges- 
tion, 78. 

guaranteed, 66. 

Horlick's malted, 74, 89. 

how to heat, 72. 

idiosyncrasy, 83. 

pasteurized, 68. 

peptogenic, 83. 

poor, 65. 

raw, 68. 

scanty, 60. 

skimmed, 67, 81. 

steamed, 72. 

top, 67, 94- 

whole, 67. 
Milk crust, 15. 
Mixed feeding, 65. 



i8o 



INDEX 



Moccasins, 25. 
Mosquito bites, 151. 
Mouth, breather, 144. 

care of, 16. 

examination of, 134. 

sore, 161. 
Movements, normal, 41, 75. 

abnormal, 42, 85. 

See also Stools. 
Mumps, 143. 
Mustard foot-bath, 116, 171. 

poultice, 170. 
Mutton broth, 107. 

N 

Nail biting, 165. 
Nails, to clean, 17. 

to shorten, 17. 
Napkins. See Diapers. 
Naps,, 43. 
Navel, cord, 12. 

rupture of, 19. 

sore, 19. 
Nervous system, 42. 
Nestle 's food, 80, 89. 
Night air, 8. 
Night clothes, 21, 27. 
Night terrors, 169. 
Nipples, 71. 

how to clean, 72. 
Normal gain, 32. 

movements, 41, 75. 
Nose bleeding, 123, 157. 

discharge from, 142. 

foreign bodies in, 154. 

to clean, 15. 
Nurse-maid, 9. 
Nursery, 3. 

heating, 9. 

seat, 41. 

temperature of, 9. 
Nursing, 57. 

contra-indications for breast, 
60. 
Nursing woman, diet of, 59. 



Nursing woman, foods prohib- 
ited, 60. 
menstruation of, 60. 
pregnancy of, 63. 

O 

Oatmeal, bath, 18, 147. 

gruel, 106. 

steamed, 105. 

water, 106. 
Orangeade, nutritious, 107. 
Outdoor life, 35, 37. 
Overfeeding, 53, 113. 
Oxalic acid poisoning, 155. 



Pacifier, the, 44. 
Paper diapers, 23. 
Paregoric poisoning, 156. 
Pasteurized milk, 68. 
Patent carthartics, 120. 
Patent foods. See Proprietary 

Foods. 
Peas, creamed, 102. 
Peptogenic milk powder, 83. 
Perspiration, 121, 141. 
Pillow, 4. 

Pinning blanket, 24. 
Playthings. See Toys. 
Pneumonia jacket, 171. 
Poisoning, 155. 
Poliomyelitis, 136. 
Poor breast milk, 65. 
Poultices, 170. 
Powder, 13, 14. 
Pregnancy while nursing, 63. 
Prickly heat. 148. 
Proper training, 40. 

bladder, 41. 

bowels, 40. 

sleep, 43- 
Proprietary foods, 87. 

Q 

Quilted pad, 22. 



INDEX 



181 



Rash, 127. 

German measles, 131. 

measles, 130. 

prickly heat, 148. 

scarlet fever, 132. 
Raw, milk, 68. 

scraped steak, 109. 
Resting, 40. 
Restlessness, 48, 54, 168. 

caused by adenoids, 144. 
Rheumatism, 145. 

Rice, boiled, 104. 

gruel, 106. 

water, 106. 
Rickets, 7, 121. 
Ringworm, 151. 
Running nose, 142. 
Rupture, 19, 43. 



Scales, weight, 32. 
Scalp, to clean, 15. 
Scanty breast milk, 60. 
Scarlet fever, 114, 132. 
Scraped beef, 109. 
Scurvy, 123. 
Shirt, 23. 
Shoes, 25. 
Sitting up, 30. 

in carriage, 37. 
Skimmed milk, 67, 81, 82. 
Skin, diseases of, 147. 

in jaundice, 124. 

sensitive, 18. 
Skirt, flannel, 24. 

white, 24. 
Sleep, 9, 43, 56, 169. 

disturbed, 43, 75. 
Sleeping, out of doors, 37. 

porch, 7. 
Sleeplessness, 43. 
Small-pox, 45. 
Snoring, 144. 



Soap, 12. 

Soapstick, 40, 120. 
Socks, 25. 

Soft-cooked egg, 108. 
Soft spot, 31. See also Fon- 
tanel. 
Soothing sirups, 44. 
Sore eyes, 159. 
Sore mouth, 161. 
Soups. See Broths, 107. 
Spasms. See Convulsions. 
Speaking, late, 31. 
Speech, sudden loss of, 31. 
Spinach, boiled, 103. 

pulp, 103. 

water, 103. 
Splinters, 152. 
Sponge bath, alcohol, 127. 

cold, 34. 
Sprue, 161. 
Standing, 30. 
Sterilization, evils of, 72. 
Stomach, capacity, 76. 

foreign bodies in, 154. 
Stools, curded, 78, 82. 

greenish, 78. 

mucus, 81. 

watery-loose, 69, 79, 81. 

white or clay colored, 124. 

See also Movements. 
Street clothing, 28. 
Substitute feeding, 60, 84. 
Sucking the thumb, 163. 
Sugar, 69. 

cane, 69. 

granulated, 69. 

malt, 69. 

milk, 69. 
Suppositories, 40, 120. 
Swollen glands, 143. 

joints, 123, 146. 



Talking, 31. 
Tea, weak, 108. 



182 



INDEX 



Tears, 30. 
Teeth, 47. 

care of, 16. 

milk, 47. 

of nursemaid, 10. 

permanent, 48. 
Teething, 47. 

delayed, 49. 
Temper, 38. 
Temperature, 125. 

of bath, 13. 

of nursery, 6. 
Throat, examination of, 134. 

foreign bodies in. 153. 

sore. See Tonsillitis. 
Thumb-sucking, 163. 
Tight foreskin, 166. 
Toast, 109. 

Toilet chair, 41. See Com- 
mode. 
Tonsillitis, 145. 
Top-milk feeding, 67, 94. 
Toys, 11, 30. 

Training. See Proper Train- 
ing. 
True croup, 136. 
Tuberculosis, 140. 
Turpentine stupes, 171. 
Twitching, 128. 



U 



Urine, 41, 124. 



Vegetables, 102. 
Vegetable juices, 73, 92. 
Veil, 28. 

Ventilation, 5, 129. 
Vernix caseosa, 12. 
Vomiting, 78, 113, 124. 

due to overfeeding, 53. 

in whooping-cough, 138. 

w 

Walking, 30, 35. 
Washing the bowels, 126. 
Water, 54, 118. 
Weaning, 62. 
Weight, 31. 

chart, 36, 37. 

gain in, 75. 

loss of, 141. 

record, 32. 
Weight scales, 34. 
Wet-nurse, 56. 
Wetting the bed, 144, 165. 
Wheatena, steamed, 104. 
Whey, 107. 
White sauce, 103. 
Whole milk, 67. 
Whooping-cough, 138. 
Window-board, 7. 

crib, 8, 139. 

ventilator, 5. 
Worms, 168. 
Wrapper, 25. 



Vaccination, 45. 
Veal broth, 107. 



Yolk of egg, hard-cooked, 109. 



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